La rilevanza della formazione in apprendistato in Europa: problemi e prospettive

SOMMARIO: 1. La formazione in apprendistato in Europa e la posizione delle istituzioni comunitarie. – 1.1. La formazione in apprendistato in Europa. – 1.2. La posizione delle istituzioni comunitarie. – 1.3. Spunti per il prosieguo dell’indagine. – 2. Diffusione e sviluppo della formazione in apprendistato: il quadro legale. – 2.1. Età di acceso, durata e organizzazione della formazione per gli apprendisti, salari mensili. – 2.2. Le imprese e la formazione esterna. – 2.3. Formazione in apprendistato e risorse finanziarie. – 3. Certificazione e qualificazione. – 4. Il ruolo delle parti sociali. 5. Il caso tedesco: un modello di eccellenza di formazione in apprendistato? – 5.1. La formazione in Germania: profili preliminari. – 5.2. La formazione in apprendistato. – 5.3. Considerazioni sulla efficacia e sulla trasferibilità in altri ordinamenti del sistema di formazione duale tedesco. – 5.4. Verso la riforma del modello? – 6. Il caso danese: un esempio di formazione in apprendistato a favore (anche) degli adulti. – 7. Prospettive e tendenze evolutive: verso la definizione di un modello europeo di formazione in apprendistato? – 8. Considerazioni conclusive: politiche formative, politiche del lavoro e politiche occupazionali

Creating New Markets and New Jobs: The Personal Services Sector. Problems and Perspectives from an Italian Point of View

It is known that labour market has undergone a rapid and continuous evolution. Unfortunately the juridical discipline does not always follow the dynamics of the development of socio-economic phenomena. Very often new social phenomena are governed by old rules and in their scope, contents, and cultural inspiration they cannot correspond to the new realities. This process is accompanied by the crisis of legality with the increasing ineffectiveness of law. The sector of personal services is very emblematic in this concern as it seems to be completely deregulated. In Italy the increase of demand for personal house services to the elderly is accompanied by the reduction of the available indigenous work-force. It is the reason why the employers usually use the foreign work-force for these kinds of services. Often such relationships are illegal and wages are respectively lower. Taking into account the strong expansion of the personal service sector the authors of this article tried to examine the normative practices and evolution of tendencies especially in the perspective of regularisation of the previously illegal labour relationships

Profili istituzionali e gestione delle risorse umane: il caso dell’Emilia-Romagna nell’esperienza comparata

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione: le ragioni di una ricerca. – 2. Indicazioni di metodo e descrizione del “piano di ricerca”. Parte I: La gestione delle risorse umane in Emilia-Romagna. – 3. Caratteristiche delle unità locali analizzate. – 4. Tendenze del mercato di riferimento. – 5. Direzione del personale/gestione risorse umane come strategia dell’organizzazione. – 6. Prassi di gestione del personale: dimensioni della forza lavoro, politiche di assunzione e selezione del personale, rapporti di lavoro atipici. – 7. Valorizzazione e sviluppo delle risorse umane: le politiche formative. – 8. Retribuzioni e benefits: fonti, livelli e tipologie. – 9. Strategie di comunicazione in azienda e rapporti con i lavoratori. Parte II: La gestione delle risorse umane in Emilia-Romagna nel quadro dell’esperienza comparata. – 10. Analisi comparata: i dati del Price Waterhouse Cranfield Project 1995-1996. – 11. Conclusioni. Parte III: Materiale di documentazione. – Allegato. Nota Metodologica

Lavoro atipico: profili qualificatori e intensità dell’obbligo di sicurezza

SOMMARIO: 1. Lavoro atipico e ambiente di lavoro: profili preliminari. – 2. Tutela dell’ambiente di lavoro e promozione dell’occupazione: due valori inconciliabili? – 3. Linee di tendenza evolutive e possibili sviluppi in sede giurisprudenziale

Experimentation and Social Dialogue in the Transformation of the Italian Employment Law: from the Legalisation of Temporary Work to a Statute of the New Form of Employment?

TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. The New Legal Framework. \u2013 2. A Glance Forward. \u2013 3. Experimentation and Social Dialogue in the Legalisation in Italy of Temporary Agency Labour. \u2013 3.1. Agencies Authorised to Supply Temporary Labour Services. \u2013 3.2. The Contract for the Supply of Temporary Workers. \u2013 3.3. The Contract between the Worker and the Agency. \u2013 4. The Legal Status of Temporary Workers. \u2013 5. Conclusions. \u2013 References

Non-divergence operators structured on homogeneous H\"{o}rmander vector fields: heat kernels and global Gaussian bounds

Let $X_{1},...,X_{m}$ be a family of real smooth vector fields defined in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, $1$-homogeneous with respect to a nonisotropic family of dilations and satisfying H\"{o}rmander's rank condition at $0$ (and therefore at every point of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$). The vector fields are not assumed to be translation invariant with respect to any Lie group structure. Let us consider the nonvariational evolution operator $$\mathcal{H}:=\sum_{i,j=1}^{m}a_{i,j}(t,x)X_{i}X_{j}-\partial_{t}$$ where $(a_{i,j}(t,x))_{i,j=1}^{m}$ is a symmetric uniformly positive $m\times m$ matrix and the entries $a_{ij}$ are bounded H\"{o}lder continuous functions on $\mathbb{R}^{1+n}$, with respect to the "parabolic" distance induced by the vector fields. We prove the existence of a global heat kernel $\Gamma(\cdot;s,y)\in C_{X,\mathrm{loc}}^{2,\alpha}(\mathbb{R}^{1+n}\setminus\{(s,y)\})$ for $\mathcal{H}$, such that $\Gamma$ satisfies two-sided Gaussian bounds and $\partial_{t}\Gamma, X_{i}\Gamma,X_{i}X_{j}\Gamma$ satisfy upper Gaussian bounds on every strip $[0,T]\times\mathbb{R}^n$. We also prove a scale-invariant parabolic Harnack inequality for $\mathcal{H}$, and a standard Harnack inequality for the corresponding stationary operator $$\mathcal{L}:=\sum_{i,j=1}^{m}a_{i,j}(x)X_{i}X_{j}.$$ with H\"{o}lder continuos coefficients

Performability evaluation of the ERTMS/ETCS - Level 3

Abstract Level 3 of the ERTMS/ETCS improves the capacity of railways by replacing fixed-block signalling, which prevents a train to enter a block occupied by another train, with moving block signalling, which allows a train to proceed as long as it receives radio messages ensuring that the track ahead is clear of other trains. If messages are lost, a train must stop for safety reasons within a given deadline, even though the track ahead is clear, making the availability of the communication link crucial for successful operation. We combine analytic evaluation of failures due to burst noise and connection losses with numerical solution of a non-Markovian model representing also failures due to handovers between radio stations. In so doing, we show that handovers experienced by a pair of chasing trains periodically affect the availability of the radio link, making behavior of the overall communication system recurrent over the hyper-period of periodic message releases and periodic arrivals at cell borders. As a notable aspect, non-Markovian transient analysis within two hyper-periods is sufficient to derive an upper bound on the first-passage time distribution to an emergency brake, permitting to achieve a trade-off between railway throughput and stop probability. A sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to train speed and headway distance, permitting to gain insight into the consequences of system-level design choices

Adaptive data synchronization algorithm for IoT-oriented low-power wide-area networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) is by now very close to be realized, leading the world towards a new technological era where people’s lives and habits will be definitively revolutionized. Furthermore, the incoming 5G technology promises significant enhancements concerning the Quality of Service (QoS) in mobile communications. Having billions of devices simultaneously connected has opened new challenges about network management and data exchange rules that need to be tailored to the characteristics of the considered scenario. A large part of the IoT market is pointing to Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) representing the infrastructure for several applications having energy saving as a mandatory goal besides other aspects of QoS. In this context, we propose a low-power IoT-oriented file synchronization protocol that, by dynamically optimizing the amount of data to be transferred, limits the device level of interaction within the network, therefore extending the battery life. This protocol can be adopted with different Layer 2 technologies and provides energy savings at the IoT device level that can be exploited by different applications