Status of vitamin D, lipid profile and carotid artery intima media thickness in patients with chronic kidney disease stage III to V

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is characterized by irreversible sclerosis and loss of nephrons. The renal mass progressively declines over a prolonged period, depending on the underlying etiology. In CKD the most common feature is hypovitaminosis D which alter the vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and reprogram the osteoblastic changes, finally leading to increase arterial wall thickness.Methods: A cross sectional study carried out over a 2-year period in Department Nephrology and General Medicine OPD, MIMS, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. 120 in which 60 are normal healthy individuals and 60 are CKD patients with stage 3 to 5. In all the participants serum creatinine, blood urea, serum triglycerides serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol estimated and serum 25 OH vitamin D are estimated.Results: The diagnostic criteria for CKD like blood urea, serum creatinine and eGFR were significantly higher in CKD when compared to control. In the present study, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly increased in CKD compared with control. The Carotid Intima Media Thickness (CIMT) both left and right side were significant higher in CKD when compared with control. There is a significantly decreased levels of serum vitamin D in CKD (14.53 ng/mL±6.88) when compared with control (28.87 ng/mL±6.28).Conclusions: Present study finding suggested that there is a raised value of CIMT in CKD patients. High triglycerides, cholesterol and decreased HDL and declined vitamin D low hemoglobin, decreased eGFR, increased systolic blood pressure, raised CIMT value were found to be significantly increased in CKD patients

Characterization of magnesium requirement of human 5'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase mediated reaction

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Topo-poisons can produce an enzyme-DNA complex linked by a 3'- or 5'-phosphotyrosyl covalent bond. 3'-phosphotyrosyl bonds can be repaired by tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase-1 (TDP1), an enzyme known for years, but a complementary human enzyme 5'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase (hTDP2) that cleaves 5'-phosphotyrosyl bonds has been reported only recently. Although hTDP2 possesses both 3'- and 5'- tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase activity, the role of Mg²⁺in its activity was not studied in sufficient details.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study we showed that purified hTDP2 does not exhibit any 5'-phosphotyrosyl phosphodiesterase activity in the absence of Mg²⁺/Mn²⁺, and that neither Zn²⁺or nor Ca²⁺can activate hTDP2. Mg²⁺also controls 3'-phosphotyrosyl activity of TDP2. In MCF-7 cell extracts and de-yolked zebrafish embryo extracts, Mg²⁺controlled 5'-phosphotyrosyl activity. This study also showed that there is an optimal Mg²⁺concentration above which it is inhibitory for hTDP2 activity.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results altogether reveal the optimal Mg²⁺requirement in hTDP2 mediated reaction.</p

Evidence-based assessment of antiosteoporotic activity of petroleum-ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis

The increasing incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis and its related fractures have become global health issues in the recent days. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most frequent metabolic bone disease; it is characterized by a rapid loss of mineralized bone tissue. Hormone replacement therapy has proven efficacious in preventing bone loss but not desirable to many women due to its side-effects. Therefore we are in need to search the natural compounds for a treatment of postmenopausal symptoms in women with no toxic effects. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of petroleum-ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. (CQ), a plant used in folk medicine, on an osteoporotic rat model developed by ovariectomy. In this experiment, healthy female Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six animals each. Group 1 was sham operated. All the remaining groups were ovariectomized. Group 2 was fed with an equivolume of saline and served as ovariectomized control (OVX). Groups 3 and 4 were orally treated with raloxifene (5.4 mg/kg) and petroleum-ether extract of CQ (500 mg/kg), respectively, for 3 months. The findings were assessed on the basis of animal weight, morphology of femur, and histochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (an osteoblastic marker) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (an osteoclastic marker) in upper end of femur. The study revealed for the first time that the petroleum-ether extract of CQ reduced bone loss, as evidenced by the weight gain in femur, and also reduced the osteoclastic activity there by facilitating bone formation when compared to the OVX group. The osteoclastic activity was confirmed by TRAP staining, and the bone formation was assessed by ALP staining in the femur sections. The color intensity of TRAP and ALP enzymes from the images were evaluated by image analysis software developed locally. The effect of CQ was found to be effective on both enzymes, and it might be a potential candidate for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The biological activity of CQ on bone may be attributed to the phytogenic steroids present in it

Multigravidity a Major Risk Factor of Anaemia in Pregnancy and its Comparison in Primigravida Women in Raichur

Introduction: Among etiological factors, multiparity remains inconclusive with various conflicting studies. Considering that multiparity is a common norm in the reproductive life of women in developing countries it is important to find a clear relationship between anaemia and multiparity. Aim: To ascertain the exclusive role of multigravidity as a risk factor for anaemia in pregnancy as well as to bring to light the incidence of anaemia in pregnancy in the women of Raichur. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a focus group of female patients attending Civil Hospital Raichur over a period of six months. Total 300 pregnant women (150 primigravida women and 150 multigravida women) of similar socioeconomic standing within the age group of 18-40 years were selected. Medical history was collected from the participants. Complete blood count, inclusive of Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC was estimated using automated haematological Analyzer Sysmexkx 21. Peripheral smear were done using Leishman’s stain. Statistical analysis of the data collected was done by percentage, proportion, mean± SD and p-value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The incidence of anaemia in pregnancy was found to be 58.33% (175). primigravida women showed an incidence of 46% (69 out of 150) while multigravida women showed an incidence of 70.67% (106 out of 150). Average haemoglobin levels of primigravida women were 10.63±1.41 and that of multigravida women were 9.58±1.68 (p=0.03) In primigravida women a higher percentage of women had moderate anaemia 47.82 % (33 out of 69) as compared to mild anaemia 46.38% (32 out of 69)and severe anaemia 5.8% (4 out of 69). A higher percentage of multigravida women were found to have moderate anaemia 52.83%(56 out of 106), followed by mild anaemia 33.96% (36 out of 106) and then severe anaemia 13.2% (14 out of 106). RBC indices were found to be below normal with average MCV values of primigravida and multigravida women being 78.10 fL and 75.88 fL respectively. Conclusion: Incidence of anaemia is high in Raichur with there being a higher incidence of anaemia in multigravida women. Gravidity increases the incidence of anaemia in pregnancy. Multigravidity is therefore a risk factor of anaemia in pregnancy

Assessing the effect of homocysteine compound levels and biological parameters on subjects undergoing hemodialysis

Background: In subjects with renal disease, levels of homocysteine are raised leading to its excretion in urine. This correlation of raised homocysteine levels to renal disease can be attributed to the possible hypothesis that raised homocysteine can lead to renal disease or correlation of homocysteine to Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) where only a small fraction of less than 1% is only excreted. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess the effect of Homocysteine levels and biological parameters in subjects undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: In 120 subjects including both males and females with 57 controls and 63 cases. These subjects were within the age range of 19 years to 80 years and had a mean age of 46.6±4.22 years. Homocysteine and Vitamin B6 in the serum were assessed using the technology of ELISA using spectrophotometer, whereas, for evaluating urea and creatinine, electroluminescence was used with cobasd e411. The collected data were subjected to the statistical evaluation. Results: Homocysteine was 8.59±0.96 μmol/l in controls and was 22.97±4.77 μmol/l in the test group study subject (p&lt;0.0001). Vitamin B6 levels were significantly lower in test subjects with 159.47±14.75 compared to the controls. Urea levels were significantly higher in test subjects having the renal disease with p&lt;0.0001. Creatinine was significantly higher in test subjects having the renal disease. Creatinine value in controls was 0.45±0.12 and in test, subjects were 8.04±2.07 with p&lt;0.000. B6 showed a negative correlation with homocysteine. With creatinine levels, homocysteine showed a positive correlation with an r-value of 0.187 and a p-value of 0.123. A similar positive correlation was seen with the urea levels with an r-value of 0.034 and a p-value of 0.792. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the levels of homocysteine, urea, and creatinine levels are raised in subjects having renal disease undergoing hemodialysis compared to the control subjects without renal disease. Also, Vitamin B6 and hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in subjects with renal disease undergoing hemodialysis compared to the subjects without renal disease

Assessment of the correlation of CD4 cell counts to C-reactive protein and lipoproteins in subjects with HIV infection: A clinical study

Aims-The present study was conducted to assess any correlation existing between changes in C - reactive protein and lipoproteins with CD4 cell counts in HIV Positive patients. Materials and methods- The study was conducted on 102 HIV-positive subjects. C-reactive protein, Lipid profiles, CD4 cell counts were assessed for all subjects. The collected data were subjected to evaluation and results were formulated. Results- 102 HIV positive subjects were grouped based on CD4 cell counts in four groups, the group I CD4 count &lt;200/μL, group II CD4 count 201-350/μL, group III CD4 count 351-500/μL, and group IV has CD4 count&gt;500/μL. In the majority of subjects with decreased CD4 count increased CRP levels were seen with a significant inverse correlation between CRP and CD4 count. It indicates that CRP level increases with increased HIV infection severity, and with decreased CD4 count. HDL decreased in HIV-positive patients and VLDL was increased with decreased CD4 cell count. No significant association was seen in serum Triglycerides and LDL with CD4 cell count. Conclusion- The present study concludes that C-reactive protein and lipid profiles are affected in HIV-positive subjects with decreased CD4 count. Hence, regular assessment of C-reactive protein and lipid profile help in assessing disease progression, forming a treatment plan, and decreasing the risk for cardiovascular disease in HIV-positive subjects, when CD4 cell counts cannot be assessed