6 research outputs found
Use of Retrograde Fluorescent Tracers in Combination with Immunohistochemical Methods
- Author
- A Albanese
- A Björklund
- A Dahlström
- A Hökfelt
- AD Loewy
- AH Coons
- AM Snyder
- BF Alheid
- CA Ross
- D Kooy van der
- D Kooy van der
- D Kooy van der
- D Kooy van der
- D Kooy van der
- DG Johnson
- F Vandesande
- G Tramu
- HGJM Kuypers
- HGJM Kuypers
- HGJM Kuypers
- HGJM Kuypers
- JL Platt
- L Skirboll
- L Skirboll
- L Skirboll
- LC Katz
- LC Katz
- LC Schmued
- MW Wessendorf
- PE Sawchenko
- PE Sawchenko
- PE Sawchenko
- PK Nakane
- T Hökfelt
- T Hökfelt
- T Hökfelt
- WB Warr
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- 01/01/1989
- Field of study
The Human BNST: Functional Role in Anxiety and Addiction
- Author
- A Adhikari
- A Dagher
- A Lesur
- A Ohman
- A Schmitz
- A Walter
- AC Harris
- AM Stamatakis
- AS Fox
- BF Grant
- BH Turner
- BS McEwen
- BW McMenamin
- C Glangetas
- C Grillon
- Carolina Villada
- D Mobbs
- D Riga
- DA Bangasser
- DL Walker
- DL Walker
- DL Walker
- DM Buffalari
- DW Grupe
- DW Grupe
- EM Drabant
- F Klumpers
- G Aston-Jones
- GF Alheid
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GM Sullivan
- H Gray
- H-W Dong
- H-W Dong
- H-W Dong
- H-W Dong
- H-W Dong
- H-W Dong
- HA Whiteford
- HE Erskine
- J A Clauss
- J Downar
- J Hitchcock
- J Kinnison
- J Mai
- J Price
- J U Blackford
- J Waddell
- J Wang
- JA Oler
- JC Motzkin
- JC Pruessner
- JH Jennings
- JH Jennings
- JL Price
- JM Choi
- JM Delfs
- JM Hitchcock
- JM Hitchcock
- JM Wenzel
- JP Jamieson
- K McFarland
- KL Hoffman
- L Banihashemi
- L Heimer
- L Lu
- L Miles
- LH Somerville
- LJ Porrino
- LM Shin
- M Coaster
- M Davis
- M Davis
- M Davis
- MA Yassa
- ML Logrip
- ML Mechias
- MS Fanselow
- MW Schlund
- NH Kalin
- NR Swerdlow
- O Krüger
- OG O’Daly
- OJ Robinson
- OL Smart
- PE Park
- RC Bolles
- RC Kessler
- RC Kessler
- RE Zinbarg
- RJ Blanchard
- RM Birn
- RP Alvarez
- RS Desikan
- S Erb
- S Lupien
- S N Avery
- S Ravinder
- S-Y Kim
- SA Flavin
- SB Eickhoff
- SE Hammack
- Simon B. Eickhoff
- SL Ding
- SM Reynolds
- SN Avery
- T Straube
- TA Brown
- TA Wills
- TL Kash
- WR Lovallo
- Y Lee
- Y Shaham
- Y Silberman
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Abundant collateralization of temporal lobe projections to the accumbens, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, central amygdala and lateral septum
- Author
- A Skorzewska
- AC Santiago
- AE Block
- AE Kelley
- AE Wilensky
- AG Difeliceantonio
- AJ McDonald
- AJ McDonald
- AJ McDonald
- AJ McDonald
- AJ McDonald
- AJ McDonald
- AJ McGeorge
- AJ Shackman
- AM Poulos
- BF Jones
- CB Saper
- CC Crestani
- CJ Shi
- CM Cannon
- Comeron W. Ghobadi
- D Haufler
- D Paré
- D Öngür
- DA Hamilton
- Daniel S. Zahm
- DC McIntyre
- DCS Roberts
- DL Walker
- DL Walker
- DL Walker
- DL Wallace
- DM deCampo
- DS Tait
- DS Zahm
- DS Zahm
- DS Zahm
- DS Zahm
- DS Zahm
- DS Zahm
- DS Zahm
- E Elharrar
- E Jolkkonen
- E Knapska
- EA Phelps
- EH Yeterian
- EJ Nestler
- FA Guarraci
- FA Guarraci
- FA Guarraci
- G Holstege
- G Holstege
- G Holstege
- G Riedel
- GF Alheid
- GF Alheid
- GF Koob
- GG Holstege
- GV Rebec
- GW Harris
- H Mala
- HD Kim
- HF Clarke
- HH Li
- HJ Groenewegen
- HJ Groenewegen
- HJ Groenewegen
- HJ Lee
- HJ Lee
- HJ Lee
- HJ Lee
- HO Pettit
- HW Berendse
- J Carlssen
- J Wickens
- JA Parkinson
- JC Churchwell
- JC Horvitz
- JE Krettek
- JE LeDoux
- JE LeDoux
- JE McCutcheon
- JK Seamans
- JM Richard
- JM Richard
- JM Richard
- JP de Bruin
- JP Pascoe
- JR Taylor
- JR Taylor
- JS Brog
- JW Woods
- K Nader
- KC Berridge
- KC Berridge
- KC Berridge
- Kenneth P. Parsley
- L Aquili
- L Calderazzo
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Levita
- L Yetnikoff
- L Yetnikoff
- L Yetnikoff
- LJ Martin
- LW Swanson
- LW Swanson
- LW Swanson
- LW Swanson
- M Barrot
- M Barrot
- M Davis
- M Davis
- M Davis
- M Fendt
- M Gallagher
- M Gallagher
- MA McDannald
- Mary L. Becker
- MD Cassell
- MD Cassell
- ME Ragozzino
- ME Ragozzino
- ME Ragozzino
- ME Ragozzino
- MG Lanser
- Mikiyas T. Desta
- MJ Will
- MK Donovan
- MM Mesulam
- MM Nagai
- MT Rogan
- N Altier
- N Altier
- N Sun
- NS Canteras
- NZ Gungor
- P Amorapanth
- P Bard
- P Bard
- PA Garris
- PA Naber
- PD MacLean
- PH Kelly
- PY Risold
- PY Risold
- R Dias
- RA Wise
- RA Wise
- RA Wise
- RA Yokel
- RA Yokel
- Rhett A. Reichard
- RJ Dado
- RL Jakab
- S Campeau
- S Chen
- S Ciocchi
- S Duvarci
- S Ide
- S Killcross
- S Leknes
- S Maren
- S Maren
- S Robinson
- SB Floresco
- SB Floresco
- SJ Shammah-Lagnado
- SL Smith-Roe
- SM Reynolds
- SM Reynolds
- SM Reynolds
- SS Miller
- ST Carmichael
- ST Carmichael
- Suriya Subramanian
- SV Mahler
- T Cholvin
- T Haralambous
- T Rouwette
- TA Stalnaker
- TC Jhou
- Tej Sura
- TP Sheehan
- TS Hnasko
- V Boulougouris
- V Neugebauer
- W Haubensak
- W Schultz
- WA Carlezon Jr
- WA Carlezon Jr
- WB Cannon
- Y Dong
- Y Kosaki
- Y Silberman
- YW Chen
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Development and developmental disorders of the forebrain
- Author
- A Aeby
- A Bulfone
- A Bulfone
- A Chédotal
- A Dekaban
- A Dufour
- A Ghosh
- A Hellström
- A Hori
- A Hori
- A Hori
- A Hori
- A Kakita
- A Kakita
- A Kalsbeek
- A Mallamacci
- A Morel
- A Morishima
- A Nobin
- A Parent
- A Parent
- A Prader
- A Santos
- A Simeone
- A Simeone
- A Smith-Fernández
- A Stoykova
- A Stoykova
- A Vortkamp
- AA Khan
- AA Khan
- AA Lavdas
- AA Pearson
- AA Pearson
- AA Pearson
- AAM Gribnau
- AAM Gribnau
- AB Droogleever Fortuyn
- AF Schier
- AH Hoon Jr
- AJ Barkovich
- AJ Barkovich
- AJ Barkovich
- AJ Barkovich
- AJ Barkovich
- AJ Lewis
- AJ McGeorge
- AJM Keyser
- AJM Keyser
- AJM Lohman
- AM Graybiel
- AM Graybiel
- AM Graybiel
- AM Graybiel
- AM Graybiel
- AM Graybiel
- AM Maguire
- AR Kriegstein
- ART Colohan
- AS LaMantia
- B Drayer
- B Feldman
- B Franco
- B Gulyas
- BATF Gabreëls
- BATF Gabreëls
- BATF Gabreëls
- BD Solomon
- BF Sparks
- BL Hogan
- BL Hogan
- BP Brooks
- BW Chong
- C Auladell
- C Bendavid
- C Bergeron
- C Blakemore
- C Brana
- C Brana
- C Chiang
- C Danesin
- C Danesin
- C Dodé
- C Dodé
- C Dulac
- C Houart
- C Houart
- C Kiecker
- C Kioussi
- C Lois
- C Métin
- C Onye
- C Schuurmans
- C Sergi
- C Vermeij-Keers
- C Vermeij-Keers
- C Verney
- C Verney
- C Verney
- C Verney
- C Verney
- C Verney
- C Walther
- CA Garcia
- CB Saper
- CF Parsa
- CG Eden van
- CJ Herrick
- CJ Shatz
- CJ Shatz
- CJ Shatz
- CJ Shatz
- CL Dou
- CL Truwit
- CM Korff
- CM Schumann
- CM Schumann
- CP Harris
- CR Gerfen
- CR Lin
- CW Chow
- CW Larsen
- CWRJ Cremers
- CY Brazel
- D Acampora
- D Cordero
- D Kooy Van der
- D Lazzaro
- D Leigh
- D Martin
- D Pilavdzic
- D Sanlaville
- D Soffer
- D Trottier
- DB Brewer
- DD Eisenstat
- DE Pineda-Alvarez
- DE Wallis
- DE Watkins-Chow
- DF Swaab
- DF Swaab
- DF Swaab
- DF Swaab
- DG Amaral
- DG Amaral
- DH Hubel
- DH Hubel
- DJ Holt
- DJ Wolfram
- DK Rieger
- DL Berliner
- DM Dacey
- DM Gelman
- DM Greig
- DP Szeto
- DR Kornack
- DT Moran
- E Armstrong
- E Belloni
- E Broaddus
- E Cau
- E Colombo
- E Colombo
- E Fazzi
- E Fernández-Alvarez
- E Kaplan
- E Marsh
- E Matsunaga
- E Meisami
- E Roessler
- E Roessler
- E Roessler
- E Roessler
- E Roessler
- E Roessler
- E Roessler
- E Steingrimsson
- EA Grove
- EC Crosby
- EC Crosby
- ED Louis
- EG Jones
- EH Magoon
- EI Rugarli
- EI Rugarli
- EM Miyashita-Lin
- EM Simon
- EM Simon
- EM Simon
- EN Meyers
- ERA Cooper
- ERA Cooper
- ERA Cooper
- ES Monuki
- ES Monuki
- EV Semina
- EV Semina
- F Guillemot
- F Hochstetter
- F Marlow
- F Müller
- F Müller
- F Müller
- F Müller
- F Müller
- F Pichaud
- FJ Kallmann
- FP Mall
- FP Probst
- G Brückner
- G González
- G López-Bendito
- G Macchi
- G Morsier de
- G Padberg
- G Panganiban
- G Percheron
- G Pinto
- G Schwalbe
- GA Pyatkina
- GD Field
- GE Alexander
- GE Alexander
- GF Alheid
- GF Alheid
- GF Alheid
- GF Couly
- GF Hoffmann
- GJ Brewer
- GK Brown
- GM Shepherd
- GM Truslove
- GS Mastick
- GW Bruyn
- GW Eagleson
- GW Hoesen Van
- H Andersen
- H Bergquist
- H Braak
- H Braak
- H Gastaut
- H Ikeda
- H Ikeda
- H Kawano
- H Kondoh
- H Kuhlenbeck
- H Kundrat
- H Künzle
- H Künzle
- H Künzle
- H Li
- H Nagasaki
- H Rathke
- H Stephan
- H Stephan
- H Suh
- H Takahashi
- H Toresson
- H Toresson
- H Wichterle
- H Wichterle
- H Yamanouchi
- H-GK Blaas
- HA Ferreyra
- HA Oelschläger
- HB Adelmann
- HB Adelmann
- HB Adelmann
- HB Adelmann
- HB Adelmann
- HB Sarnat
- HB Sarnat
- HC Kinney
- HG Karstensen
- HG Kim
- HJ Donkelaar ten
- HJ Donkelaar ten
- HJ Donkelaar ten
- HJ Donkelaar ten
- HJ Donkelaar ten
- HJ Lammers
- HO Nornes
- HT Chugani
- HZ Sheng
- HZ Sheng
- I Aubert
- I Cobos
- I Cobos
- I Cobos
- I Conte
- I Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
- I Kjaer
- I Kjaer
- I Kostović
- I Kostović
- I Kostović
- I Krägeloh-Mann
- I Krägeloh-Mann
- I Naruse
- I Savic
- IC Mann
- IH Smart
- IJ Mitchell
- IW Lurie
- IW Lurie
- J Aicardi
- J Aicardi
- J Altman
- J Altman
- J Altman
- J Altman
- J Altman
- J Altman
- J Altman
- J Altman
- J Bossy
- J Favor
- J Graw
- J Graw
- J Hanaway
- J Holzschuh
- J Juranek
- J Mathieu
- J McConnell
- J Mitrofanis
- J Mitrofanis
- J Mojsilović
- J Olmos de
- J Olmos de
- J Pearson
- J Prosser
- J Seibt
- J Shih
- J Silver
- J Stein
- J Stenman
- J Towfighi
- J Voogd
- J Warkany
- J Zschocke
- J-P Hardelin
- J-P Hardelin
- J-P Hardelin
- JA Carlos de
- JA Carlos de
- JA Golden
- JAN Corsellis
- JB Angevine Jr
- JB Angevine Jr
- JB Demb
- JB Kerryson
- JC Fentress
- JC Grindley
- JC Grindley
- JC Larroche
- JD Boyd
- JE Braisted
- JE Dowling
- JE Long
- JE Long
- JE Long
- JE Ming
- JE Ming
- JE Ming
- JE Schwob
- JEH Smith
- JF Pasternak
- JG Corbin
- JG Corbin
- JG Parnavelas
- JH Kordower
- JI Berman
- JJ Chevrie
- JJ Nassi
- JJ Overbeeke van
- JJ Overbeeke van
- JK Liu
- JK Mai
- JL Conklin
- JL Price
- JL Price
- JL Schwind
- JLR Rubinstein
- JLR Rubinstein
- JM Brickman
- JM Hill
- JM Hébert
- JM Hébert
- JM Kemp
- JM Opitz
- JM Opitz
- JM Provis
- JM Provis
- JM Skidmore
- JP Martinez-Barbera
- JP McAllister
- JR Siebert
- JR Siebert
- JR Siebert
- JS Dasen
- JS Hahn
- JS Hahn
- JW Bainbridge
- JW Hinds
- JW Hinds
- K Campbell
- K Dierickx
- K Itoh
- K Kishi
- K Kitamura
- K Kitamura
- K Letinić
- K Letinić
- K Letinić
- K Miyai
- K Miyoshi
- K Sailaja
- K Sato
- K Shimamura
- K Shimamura
- K Shiota
- K Shiota
- K Theiler
- K Theiler
- K Yokochi
- K Yun
- KB El-Jaick
- KB Rohr
- KJ Lee
- KK Nakano
- KL Earle
- KV Hinrichsen
- KW Gripp
- KWS Ashwell
- L Basel-Vanagaite
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Heimer
- L Jones
- L López-Mascaraque
- L Medina
- L Nagai
- L Nanni
- L Nanni
- L Olson
- L Olson
- L Olson
- L Puelles
- L Puelles
- L Puelles
- L Puelles
- L Puelles
- L Puelles
- L Puelles
- L Puelles
- L Puelles
- L Sussel
- L Zeltser
- LA Croen
- LA Specht
- LA Specht
- LD Selemon
- LE Braverman
- LE Muske
- LG Biesecker
- LM Oliveira
- LTL Sie
- M Burmeister
- M Dahme
- M García-López
- M Gilbert
- M Gulisano
- M Gérard
- M Halpern
- M Hynes
- M Ito
- M Kato
- M Kyllerman
- M Livingstone
- M Meredith
- M Morioka
- M Muenke
- M Olsson
- M Olsson
- M Pellegrini
- M Qiu
- M Rallu
- M Rallu
- M San de
- M Schwanzel-Fukuda
- M Schwanzel-Fukuda
- M Schwanzel-Fukuda
- M Sur
- M Tassabehji
- M Torres
- M Treier
- M Tulinius
- M Visser
- M Yoshida
- M Zeviani
- MA Rutherford
- MA Rutherford
- MA Rutherford
- MB Luskin
- MC Brodsky
- MC Mione
- MG Norman
- MG Price
- MH Porteus
- MI Shipley
- MJ Carson
- MJ Depew
- MJ Vaizey
- MM Cohen Jr
- MM Cohen Jr
- MM Cohen Jr
- MM Cohen Jr
- MM Cohen Jr
- MP Matise
- MP Ogren
- MP Smidt
- MP Smidt
- MR DeLong
- MR DeLong
- MT Dattani
- MT Dattani
- MT Dattani
- MV Johnston
- N Boehm
- N Dahmane
- N Darin
- N Flames
- N Hirsch
- N Malamud
- N Mazzitelli
- N Tamamaki
- N Ulfig
- N Ulfig
- N Ulfig
- N Ulfig
- N Ulfig
- N Ulfig
- N Zecevic
- N Zečević
- NM Jansonius
- NR Cohen
- O Baenziger
- O Marín
- O Marín
- O Marín
- O Marín
- OH Sundin
- OP Ottersen
- P Apkarian
- P Apkarian
- P Aza-Blanc
- P Flandin
- P Hertwig
- P Levitt
- P Marcorelles
- P Munckhof van den
- P Rakic
- P Rakic
- P Rakic
- P Rakic
- P Rakic
- P Rakić
- P Tvrdik
- P Vanderhaeghen
- P Volpe
- P Voorn
- PA Zaki
- PF Hitchcock
- PF Ippel
- PHMF Domburg van
- PI Yakovlev
- PI Yakovlev
- PJ Gage
- PM Almqvist
- PP Graziadei
- PQ Thomas
- PS Goldman
- PS Goldman-Rakic
- PS Goldman-Rakic
- Q Wang
- Q Xu
- Q Xu
- R Edison
- R Friede
- R Legouis
- R Macdonald
- R Marchand
- R Marchand
- R Marchand
- R Nieuwenhuys
- R Nieuwenhuys
- R Ortmann
- R O’Rahilly
- R O’Rahilly
- R O’Rahilly
- R Pooh
- R Quinton
- R Sachdeva
- R Tuttle
- RA Gorski
- RC Murray
- RC Switzer
- RD Lund
- RE Decker
- RE Hill
- RF Hevner
- RF Hevner
- RF Hevner
- RG Northcutt
- RH Zetterstrom
- RI Kelley
- RJ Lemire
- RK Koenekoop
- RL Albin
- RL Leibel
- RM Harris
- RM Norman
- RM Zetterstrom
- RP Rademakers
- RR Waclaw
- RW Guillery
- RW Leech
- RW Young
- S Brand
- S Brand
- S Camper
- S Casarosa
- S Clarke
- S Daikoku
- S Domené
- S Fertuzinhos
- S Fuhrmann
- S Garel
- S Kang
- S Kimura
- S Kimura
- S Kölker
- S Martínez
- S Nery
- S Rittig
- S Scholpp
- S Shanmugalingam
- S Tole
- S Tole
- S Wawersik
- S Willnow
- S Wray
- S Wray
- S Xuan
- S Yamada
- S Yamada
- S Zeki
- SA Anderson
- SA Anderson
- SA Anderson
- SA Anderson
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Bayer
- SA Brown
- SB Pulitzer
- SH Hendry
- SI Goodman
- SI Goodman
- SJ Butt
- SJ England
- SJ Hayflick
- SL Asa
- SL Asa
- SM Sisodiya
- SM Zeki
- SN Haber
- SP Miller
- SR Braddock
- SR Florell
- SS Tan
- T Franz
- T Glaser
- T Hirai
- T Hongo
- T Humphrey
- T Humphrey
- T Humphrey
- T Humphrey
- T Kouki
- T Marquardt
- T Mori
- T Shimogori
- T Stühmer
- T Theil
- T Voit
- T Wichmann
- T Yamadori
- T Zhao
- TB Freeman
- TD Sanger
- TL Kemper
- TS Kim
- TT Warner
- TT Warner
- TW Deacon
- U Bahnsen
- U Roessmann
- U Roessmann
- V Heyningen van
- V Heyningen Van
- V Paroder
- VB Ho
- VH Sousa
- VM Montero
- VM Pickel
- VM Tennyson
- W Ashton
- W Hewitt
- W Hewitt
- W His
- W His
- W Kahle
- W Schmahl
- W Squier
- W Wurst
- W Ye
- WE DeMyer
- WE DeMyer
- WE DeMyer
- WH Merigan
- WH Merigan
- WH Merigan
- WJ Atwell
- WJ Hamilton
- WJH Nauta
- X Li
- X Zhu
- Y Asakura
- Y Furuta
- Y Izumi
- Y Izumi
- Y Koutcherov
- Y Litingtung
- Y Nakagawa
- Y Ohkubo
- Y Suda
- Y Yilmaz
- YG Watanabe
- YR Barishak
- Z Ellison-Wright
- Z Molnár
- Z Molnár
- Z Molnár
- Z Molnár
- Z Molnár
- Z Molnár
- ZM Varga
- Å Seiger
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2014
- Field of study
Neurocircuitry of Addiction
- Author
- A Bonci
- A Heinz
- A Madayag
- A Markou
- A McGregor
- A Sharma
- A Thorsell
- A Thorsell
- A Thorsell
- A Wikler
- AA Grace
- AC Boudreau
- AJ Roberts
- AL Milton
- AM Barr
- AR Childress
- AR Childress
- AS Freeman
- BA Rocha
- BF Grant
- BF Grant
- BJ Everitt
- BJ Everitt
- BJ Everitt
- BT Chen
- C Kornetsky
- C Kornetsky
- C Moller
- C Orsini
- C Sanchis-Segura
- CA McClung
- CB Hubner
- CD Kilts
- CJ Heyser
- CK Funk
- CL Nelson
- CR Ferrario
- D Belin
- D Gonzalez
- D Martinez
- D Martinez
- D Martinez
- D Saal
- D Tomasi
- D Tomasi
- DA Baker
- DCS Roberts
- DD Langleben
- DJ Calu
- DO Hebb
- E Aharonovich
- E Duncan
- EA Murray
- EJ Nestler
- F Weiss
- F Weiss
- F Weiss
- FG Moeller
- FJ McClernon
- G Di Chiara
- G Hernandez
- G Schoenbaum
- G Schulteis
- G Schulteis
- G Tanda
- GD Logan
- George F Koob
- GF Alheid
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GF Koob
- GJ Wang
- GR Valdez
- H Garavan
- H Rachlin
- HA Baldwin
- HH Yin
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Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1) compulsion to seek and take the drug, (2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence of a negative emotional state (eg, dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) reflecting a motivational withdrawal syndrome when access to the drug is prevented. Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a disorder that involves elements of both impulsivity and compulsivity that yield a composite addiction cycle composed of three stages: ‘binge/intoxication', ‘withdrawal/negative affect', and ‘preoccupation/anticipation' (craving). Animal and human imaging studies have revealed discrete circuits that mediate the three stages of the addiction cycle with key elements of the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum as a focal point for the binge/intoxication stage, a key role for the extended amygdala in the withdrawal/negative affect stage, and a key role in the preoccupation/anticipation stage for a widely distributed network involving the orbitofrontal cortex–dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and insula involved in craving and the cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior frontal cortices in disrupted inhibitory control. The transition to addiction involves neuroplasticity in all of these structures that may begin with changes in the mesolimbic dopamine system and a cascade of neuroadaptations from the ventral striatum to dorsal striatum and orbitofrontal cortex and eventually dysregulation of the prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and extended amygdala. The delineation of the neurocircuitry of the evolving stages of the addiction syndrome forms a heuristic basis for the search for the molecular, genetic, and neuropharmacological neuroadaptations that are key to vulnerability for developing and maintaining addiction
Development and Developmental Disorders of the Forebrain
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