Transatlantic ‘Positive Youth Justice’: a distinctive new model for responding to offending by children?

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by Palgrave Macmillan under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/A model of ‘positive youth justice’ has been developed on both sides of the Atlantic to challenge the hegemonic punitivity and neo-correctionalism of contemporary actuarial risk-based approaches and the conceptually-restricted rightsbased movement of child-friendly justice. This paper examines the origins, main features, guiding principles and underpinning evidence bases of the diferent versions of positive youth justice developed in England/Wales (Children First, Ofenders Second) and the USA (Positive Youth Justice Model) and their respective critiques of negative and child-friendly forms of youth jus tice. Comparing and contrasting these two versions enables an evaluation of the extent to which positive youth justice presents as a coherent and coordinated transatlantic ‘movement’, as opposed to disparate critiques of traditional youth justice with limited similarities

Trophic cascades initiated by fungal plant endosymbionts impair reproductive performance of parasitoids in the second generation

Variation in plant quality can transmit up the food chain and may aVect herbivores and their antagonists in the same direction. Fungal endosymbionts of grasses change the resource quality by producing toxins. We used an aphid-parasitoid model system to explore how endophyte eVects cascade up the food chain and inXuence individual parasitoid performance. We show that the presence of an endophyte in the grass Lolium perenne has a much stronger negative impact on the performance of the parasitoid Aphidius ervi than on its aphid host Metopolophium festucae. Although the presence of endophytes did not inXuence the parasitism rate of endophyte-naïve parasitoids or their oVspring’s survival to adulthood, most parasitoids developing within aphids from endophyte-infected plants did not reproduce at all. This indicates a delayed but very strong eVect of endophytes on parasitoid performance, which should ultimately aVect plant performance negatively by releasing endophyte-tolerant herbivores from top-down limitations