15 research outputs found
Predictors of Poor CD4 and Weight Recovery in HIV-Infected Children Initiating ART in South Africa
Objective: To identify baseline demographic and clinical risk factors associated with poor CD4 and weight response after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 674 children initiating antiretroviral therapy at McCord and St. Mary’s hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, from August 2003 to December 2008. We extracted data from paper charts and electronic medical records to assess risk factors associated with CD4 and weight response using logistic regression. Results: From the initial cohort of 901 children,10 years old initiating ART between August 2003 and December 2008, we analyzed 674 children with complete baseline data. Viral suppression rates (,400 copies/ml) were 84 % after six months of therapy and 88 % after 12 months of therapy. Seventy-three percent of children achieved CD4 recovery after six months and 89 % after 12 months. Weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) improvements were seen in 58 % of children after six months of ART and 64 % after 12 months. After six months of ART, lower baseline hemoglobin (p = 0.037), presence of chronic diarrhea (p = 0.007), and virologic failure (p = 0.046) were all associated with poor CD4 recovery by multivariate logistic regression. After 12 months of ART, poor CD4 recovery was associated with higher baseline CD4 % (p = 0.005), chronic diarrhe
VBP15, a Novel Anti-Inflammatory, is Effective at Reducing the Severity of Murine Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by an autoimmune inflammatory reaction that leads to axonal demyelination and tissue damage. Glucocorticoids, such as prednisolone, are effective in the treatment of multiple sclerosis in large part due to their ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways (e.g., NF\u3baB). However, despite their effectiveness, long-term treatment is limited by adverse side effects. VBP15 is a recently described compound synthesized based on the lazeroid steroidal backbone that shows activity in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, yet displays a much-reduced side effect profile compared to traditional glucocorticoids. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of VBP15 in inhibiting inflammation and disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Our data show that VBP15 is effective at reducing both disease onset and severity. In parallel studies, we observed that VBP15 was able to inhibit the production of NF\u3baB-regulated pro-inflammatory transcripts in human macrophages. Furthermore, treatment with prednisolone-but not VBP15-increased expression of genes associated with bone loss and muscle atrophy, suggesting lack of side effects of VBP15. These findings suggest that VBP15 may represent a potentially safer alternative to traditional glucocorticoids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory diseases
Why Some Exotic Species Are Deeply Integrated into Local Cultures While Others Are Reviled
One key challenge for invasive species management is finding support from local communities. Without local support, management plans can be severely compromised. What makes people support or reject management of invasive species can be linked to their perception of the target invasive species. In other words, it can be harder to control invasive species that are assimilated into the local community. We identify five factors associated with how quickly invasive species can become culturally assimilated. These factors are arrival time, economic impact, aesthetic value, effect on human health, and origin of nonnative species and of human immigrants. We suggest that understanding how these factors contribute to the incorporation of nonnative species into local cultures is important in determining effective control measures. In this vein, publicly accessible educational programs explaining the problems that invasive species produce will be required to implement effective invasive species management.Fil: Nuñez, Martin Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Dimarco, Romina Daniela. Instituto Nacional de TecnologĂa Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. EstaciĂłn Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Simberloff, Daniel. University of Tennessee; Estados Unido