Biological Resolution of Virulence Genes of Salmonella Species from different Microbiomes

The pathogenic promiscuity of virulence associated macromolecules in Salmonella infection is a key driver to their wide epidemiology and curtailing  such distribution is contingent upon proper clarification of these virulence genes. This study was therefore aimed at determining the virulence  genes of Salmonella species from different microbiomes. To achieve this, a total of three hundred (300) biological specimens were aseptically  collected and processed for Salmonella presence using the BAM USFDA technique prior to their genotypic characterization while virulence gene  detection was carried out in a primer specific polymerase chain reaction. Results obtained depict the distribution of the following Salmonella species  viz; Salmonella gallinarum 19(26.39%), Salmonella heidelberg 19(26.39%), Salmonella enteritidis 18(25%) and Salmonella typhimurium  16(22.22%) while the occurrence of the virulence genes (InvA, SopE, AgfA and SpvC) were Salmonella enteritidis ( 7(38.8), 6(33.3), 9(50), 3(16.7),  Salmonella typhimurium ( 5(26.3), 3(15.8), 2(10.5), 7(36.8)), Salmonella heidelberg (0(0), 8(50), 4(25), 4(25), and Salmonella gallinarum (12(63.2),  6(31.6), 2(10.5), 7(36.8)) respectively. It was however found that the different microbiomes analyzed were ubiquitously rich in virulence genes  associated Salmonella species.   La promiscuité pathogène des macromolécules associées à la virulence dans l’infection à Salmonella est un facteur clé de leur large épidémiologie  et la réduction de cette distribution dépend de la clarification appropriée de ces gènes de virulence. Cette étude visait donc à déterminer les gènes  de virulence des espèces de Salmonella de différents microbiomes. Pour ce faire, un total de trois cents (300) échantillons biologiques ont été  collectés et traités de manière aseptique pour la présence de Salmonella à l’aide de la technique BAM USFDA avant leur caractérisation génotypique  tandis que la détection du gène de virulence a été effectuée dans une réaction en chaîne par polymérase spécifique à l’amorce. Les résultats  obtenus décrivent la distribution des espèces de Salmonella suivantes, à savoir ; Salmonella gallinarum 19(26,39%), Salmonella heidelberg  19(26,39%), Salmonella enteritidis 18(25%) et Salmonella typhimurium 16(22,22%) alors que la présence des gènes de virulence (InvA, SopE, AgfA et  SpvC) était Salmonella enteritidis ( 7(38,8), 6(33,3), 9(50), 3(16,7), Salmonella typhimurium ( 5(26,3), 3(15,8), 2(10,5), 7(36,8)), Salmonella heidelberg (0(  0), 8(50), 4(25), 4(25) et Salmonella gallinarum (12(63.2), 6(31.6), 2(10.5), 7(36.8)) respectivement. différents microbiomes analysés étaient  ubiquitairement riches en gènes de virulence associés aux espèces de Salmonella  &nbsp

Dietary responses to processed and non-processed peanuts and grains by growing-finishing pigs

Swine Day '76 is known as Swine Day, 1976Twenty-four crossbred barrows and gilts averaging 92 lbs. were used to evaluate whole shelled peanut as a protein and energy source for pigs. Pigs used whole peanuts and corn less efficiently than ground peanuts and corn. Feed intake and average daily gain were greatly improved when peanuts and corn were fed in ground form. Roasting peanuts for one hour at 120 C improved performance only slightly over raw peanuts. Pigs fed a soybean meal diet had slightly better average daily gain than those fed a lysine-supplemented peanut meal diet

A Geospatial Assessment of Deforestation of Sokponba and Ehor Forest Reserves in Edo State

The study assesses the state of Sokponba and Ehor forest reserves in Edo state, with Landsat images of 1987, 2002 and 2018 using ENVI and ArcGIS software. Questionnaire was also administered to elicit information from respondents. The study reveals that within the period of 31 years under study Sokponba forest reserve has reduced from 28,913.63 ha in 1987 to 1,578.15 ha in 2018 while plantation and farmland increased from 15,357.96 ha in 1987 to 43,494.21 in 2018. Ehor reserve also reduced from 11,128.86 ha in 1987 to 3,242.28 in 2018. In the same vein, plantation and farmland increased from 1,424.97 ha in 1,987 to 9,323.28 ha in 2018. The deliberate government policies of allocating compartment to timber contractors for logging, conversion of reserves to oil palm plantation and farmland were identified as the major drivers responsible for the depletion of the forest reserves. Considering the consequential effects arising from deforestation such as carbon sequence, greenhouse effect (global warming) and flooding the study recommends reforestation and taungya farming system for sustainable environment

Coffee grounds in swine rations

Swine Industry Day 1973 is known as Swine Day, 1973As little as 10% of coffee grounds depressed the feed intake and growth rate of growing pigs and finishing pigs. Apparently, reduced growth rate resulted from lack of palatability rather than any toxic factor in the coffee grounds

Osamilite (K–Na–Ca–Mg–Fe–Al–S): A derived base catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel from blends of pumpkin seed oil-goat fat-poultry waste fat

This study converted the hybridized oil produced from the blend of seed oil and animal wastes fat to biodiesel using a developed catalyst from palm kernel empty burnt bunch ash (PKPKEBBA). The hybridized oil was obtained via specific gravity method and the properties of the oils were determined. The developed catalyst was characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF-FT, BET-adsorption, and qualitative analysis. Process optimization was carried out using RSM-CCD and ANN-GA with references to four variables namely: reaction period, catalyst conc., reaction temperature, and E-OH/OMR, respectively. The kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the transesterification reaction was also carried out. The developed catalyst was recycled and reused, while the quality of the biodiesel was examined with a view to determine its potential to replace conventional diesel. Results showed low viscous and acid value of the hybridized oil which was obtained in a single stage conversion. The mix ratio of the hybridized oil was found to be 33:34:33 with respect to pumpkin seed oil, goat fat, and poultry waste fat. The developed heterogeneous catalyst contained CaCO3 as the major element found in the PKEBBA. Process optimization showed that ANN-GA gave a better optimum validated yield of 99.20% (wt./wt.) than RSM-CCD of 98.44% (wt./wt.). Considered design variables were mutually significant at p-value<0.0001. The rate equation constant was 0.0177 min−1, while the thermodynamic parameters at highest temperature (348 K) were ΔGr= 101.38 KJ/mol, ΔHr=-5.82 × 10−5 KJ/mol, and ΔSr= −291.32 KJ/mol. K. The strength of catalyst tested via reusability test showed catalyst reusability test was altered at 7 cycles. The produced biodiesel have fuel properties similar to conventional diesel. The study concluded that the hybridization of oils for biodiesel conversion is viable

Utilization of palm kernel meal by sheep

Yankasa sheep were used to study effects of palm kernel meal (PKM) on nutrient utilization and performance. The - in sacco - degradation studies revealed that potential protein degradation in the rumen was high but the very low rate of degradation (0.031 (per hour)) made 50-61 percent protein of PKM undegradable in the rumen. In experiment 1 (62 days), 5 isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 20, 35, 50 and 65 percent PKM were fed to growing rams. In experiment 2, PKM substituted all the cottonseed cake (CSC) and 0, 33, 66 and 100 percent of maize giving diets containing 0, 49, 70 and 90 percent PKM. In both experiments average daily gain, DM intake, feed conversion efficiency and DM digestibility were not significantly affected. Higher values of some carcass characteristics in favour of PKM diets reflected higher weight at slaughter. Cost of the diets decreased with increasing level of PKM making it economically attractive to use PKM in the diet of sheep