Model testing of a 10-kg high explosive blast attenuation maze

The basement area of the proposed High Explosive Applications Facility (HEAF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory includes 10-kg HE assembly and process cells, and a 10-kg corridor for the transport of up to 10 kg of HE from the receiving dock to the cells and to the experimental firing tanks. Previous model experiments developed a process cell-maze configuration that attenuated the effects of an accidental 10-kg detonation to acceptable levels (maximum of 10 to 11 psi reflected). This document reports 1/8-scale model tests conducted to confirm the maze design and to determine the blast pressures in adjacent areas in the final HEAF building configuration. In addition, pressure/time information was obtained at selected points in the model expansion chamber to provide the architect-engineer with information for structural design

Model testing of a 1-kg high-explosive-cell maze

The basement of the proposed High Explosives Applications Facility (Building 353) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory includes several explosive test cells for the assembly and/or storage of up to 10 kg of high explosive (HE). This document reports 1/8-scale and 1/4-scale model tests conducted to confirm maze design criteria, to determine the cell explosive weight limit based on an allowable 10 psi reflected shock pressure at the hallway-maze doorway, and to specify permissible areas for handling HE within the cell. The integrity of cube-root scaling of the explosive charges detonated in the 1/8-scale model was verified by explosive testing in a comparable 1/4-scale model. Reflected shock pressures in the hallway adjacent to the maze and the effect of HE charge orientation were investigated and are also reported

Measurement of direct photon production at Tevatron fixed target energies

Measurements of the production of high transverse momentum direct photons by a 515 GeV/c piminus beam and 530 and 800 GeV/c proton beams in interactions with beryllium and hydrogen targets are presented. The data span the kinematic ranges of 3.5 < p_T < 12 GeV/c in transverse momentum and 1.5 units in rapidity. The inclusive direct-photon cross sections are compared with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations and expectations based on a phenomenological parton-k_T model.Comment: RevTeX4, 23 pages, 32 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Evidence for Parton kT Effects in High pT Particle Production

Inclusive pizero and direct-photon cross sections in the kinematic range 3.5 < pT < 12 GeV/c with central rapidities are presented for 530 and 800 GeV/c proton beams and a 515 GeV/c pi- beam incident on beryllium targets. Current Next-to-Leading-Order perturbative QCD calculations fail to adequately describe the data for conventional choices of scales. Kinematic distributions from these hard scattering events provide evidence that the interacting partons carry significant initial-state parton transverse momentum (kT). Incorporating these kT effects phenomenologically greatly improves the agreement between calculations and the measured cross sections.Comment: 11 pages including 6 pages of figures with caption

Production of pizero and eta mesons at large transverse momenta in pi-p and pi-Be interactions at 515 GeV/c

We present results on the production of high transverse momentum pizero and eta mesons in pi-p and pi-Be interactions at 515 GeV/c. The data span the kinematic ranges 1 < p_T < 11 GeV/c in transverse momentum and -0.75 < y < 0.75 in rapidity. The inclusive pizero cross sections are compared with next-to-leading order QCD calculations and to expectations based on a phenomenological parton-k_T model.Comment: RevTeX4, 15 pages, 15 figures, to be submitted to Phys. Rev.

Production of pizero and eta mesons at large transverse momenta in pp and pBe interactions at 530 and 800 GeV/c

We present results on the production of high transverse momentum pizero and eta mesons in pp and pBe interactions at 530 and 800 GeV/c. The data span the kinematic ranges: 1 < p_T < 10 GeV/c in transverse momentum and 1.5 units in rapidity. The inclusive pizero cross sections are compared with next-to-leading order QCD calculations and to expectations based on a phenomenological parton-k_T model.Comment: RevTeX, 63 pages, 25 figures, to be submitted to Phys. Rev.

Position Paper on Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystem (WEFE) Nexus and Sustainable development Goals (SDGs)

The EU and the international community is realising that the Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystem components are interlinked and require a joint planning in order to meet the daunting global challenges related to Water, Energy and Food security and maintaining the ecosystem health and in this way, reach the SDGs. If not dealt with, the world will not be able to meet the demand for water, energy and food in a not too far future and, in any case, in a not sustainable way. The strain on the ecosystems resulting from unsustainable single-sector planning will lead to increasing poverty, inequality and instability. The Nexus approach is fully aligned with and supportive of the EU Consensus on Development. Key elements of the Consensus will require collaborative efforts across sectors in ways that can be supported/implemented by a Nexus approach. In this way, transparent and accountable decision-making, involving the civil society is key and common to the European Consensus on Development and the Nexus approach. The Nexus approach will support the implementation of the SDG in particular SDG 2 (Food), SDG 6 (Water) and SDG 7 (Energy), but most SDGs have elements that link to food, water and energy in one or other way, and will benefit from a Nexus approach. The SDGs are designed to be cross-cutting and be implemented together, which is also reflected in a WEFE Nexus approach. A Nexus approach offers a sustainable way of addressing the effects of Climate Change and increase resilience. The WEFE Nexus has in it the main drivers of climate change (water, energy and food security) and the main affected sectors (water and the environment). Decisions around policy, infrastructure, … developed based on the WEFE Nexus assessments will be suitable as elements of climate change mitigation and adaptation. In fact, it is difficult to imagine solutions to the climate change issue that are not built on a form of Nexus approach. The Nexus approach is being implemented around the world, as examples in the literature demonstrate. These examples together with more examples from EU and member state development cooperation will help build experience that can be consolidated and become an important contribution to a Toolkit for WEFE Nexus Implementation. From the expert discussions, it appears that because of the novelty of the approach, a Toolkit will be an important element in getting the Nexus approach widely used. This should build on experiences from practical examples of NEXUS projects or similar inter-sectorial collaboration projects; and, there are already policy, regulation and practical experience to allow institutions and countries to start applying the Nexus concept.JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource

Final Report on the Pinot Experiment

The Pinot Project was designed to provide some indication of the extent to which gases from a confined underground explosion in oil shale would migrate parallel to the bedding planes. At 0800 on Aug. 2, 1960, 946 lb of nitromethane was fired in shot hole No. 1. There was no visible damage to the mine adit or to any structure associated with cation of the extent to which gases from a confined underground explosion in oil shale would migrate parallel to the bedding planes. At 0800 on Aug. 2, 1960, 946 lb of nitromethane was fired in shot hole No. 1. There was no visible damage to the mine adit or to any stnucture associated with the workings. Gas samples collected from sampling holes near the shot hole were analyzed for Kr/sup 85/, which had been included with the nitromethane as a tracer. It appeared that the Kr/sup 85/ concentration in the samples out to 50 ft was more or less independent of space and time between +2 and +50 hr. Relativsly little Kr/sup 85/ was detected at 125 ft and none beyond. About (20 plus or minus 10)% of the Kr/sup 85/ escaped into ths adit. The results of the Pinot experiment cannot be extrapolated quantitatively to the case of a nuclear explosion in oil shale. Even if the structure at the Pinot site is typical of oil shale, the generation of a smaller quantity of noncondensible gases per unit energy in a nuclear explosion (as compared with a chemical explosion), the shonter time scale of the ensrgy release and the higher temperatares and pressures encountered will all have a definite influence on the effective containment distance. One can conclude, however, that, if the medium at the site of a potential nuclear experiment is similar to that at Pinot, the radioactive gases will not travel preferentially in directions parallel to the bedding planes, but rather will tend to expand mors or less spherically from the shot point. In other words, an explosion in oil shale designed not to vent in a direction perpendicular to the bedning planes will be just as tight parallel to the bedding planes. (auth