An Extreme Solar Event of 20 January 2005: Properties of the Flare and the Origin of Energetic Particles

The extreme solar and SEP event of 20 January 2005 is analyzed from two perspectives. Firstly, we study features of the main phase of the flare, when the strongest emissions from microwaves up to 200 MeV gamma-rays were observed. Secondly, we relate our results to a long-standing controversy on the origin of SEPs arriving at Earth, i.e., acceleration in flares, or shocks ahead of CMEs. All emissions from microwaves up to 2.22 MeV line gamma-rays during the main flare phase originated within a compact structure located just above sunspot umbrae. A huge radio burst with a frequency maximum at 30 GHz was observed, indicating the presence of a large number of energetic electrons in strong magnetic fields. Thus, protons and electrons responsible for flare emissions during its main phase were accelerated within the magnetic field of the active region. The leading, impulsive parts of the GLE, and highest-energy gamma-rays identified with pi^0-decay emission, are similar and correspond in time. The origin of the pi^0-decay gamma-rays is argued to be the same as that of lower energy emissions. We estimate the sky-plane speed of the CME to be 2000-2600 km/s, i.e., high, but of the same order as preceding non-GLE-related CMEs from the same active region. Hence, the flare itself rather than the CME appears to determine the extreme nature of this event. We conclude that the acceleration, at least, to sub-relativistic energies, of electrons and protons, responsible for both the flare emissions and the leading spike of SEP/GLE by 07 UT, are likely to have occurred simultaneously within the flare region. We do not rule out a probable contribution from particles accelerated in the CME-driven shock for the leading GLE spike, which seemed to dominate later on.Comment: 34 pages, 14 Postscript figures. Solar Physics, accepted. A typo corrected. The original publication is available at http://www.springerlink.co

Record of population of Callophrys chalybeitincta Sovynski, 1905 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Volgograd Region (Russia)

Studies of genetic markers (COI and ITS2) and genitalia of specimens from isolated population of butterflies of the genus Callophrys from Volgograd Region (Russia) indicate that it belongs to the species C. chalybeitincta Sovynski, 1905. Specimens from the population more similar on external morphology to populations from Astrakhan Region, Pyatigorsk and lower reaches of Don River

Two forms of Melitaea trivia ([Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from Volgograd Region (Russia): the systematic position on the basis of molecular genetic studies

The study of molecular genetic markers (COI and EF-1a) reveals that the taxon Melitaea robertsi uvarovi Gorbunov, 1995 from Volgograd Region (Russia) can be considered only as a form of Melitaea trivia ([Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775)

Calorimetric and Isosteric Heats of Adsorption of Substances with Molecules of Different Electronic Structure

Calorimetric heats of adsorption have been measured for iso- and cyclo-pentane on NaX(86) zeolite at 140°C and for acetonitrile on carbon black and silica gel at 150°C. These heats have been compared with the corresponding isosteric values, calculated from isotherms measured over temperature ranges whose average values correspond to the above temperatures. The isosteric heats of adsorption coincide well with the calorimetric values in those cases where no change occurs in the mechanism for adsorbate–adsorbent interaction within the temperature range over which the isotherms have been measured. If this condition is not observed, the difference between the two sets of values can be quite considerable

Molecular-genetic studies of some populations and subspecies of Hipparchia semele (Linnaeus, 1758) and Satyrus ferula (Fabricius, 1793) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

The study of molecular genetic markers COI (mDNA) and EF-1a (nDNA) reveals that the taxa Hipparchia pellucida (Stauder, 1924) and H. volgensis (Mazochin-Porshnjakov, 1952) can be considered only as subspecies of H. semele (Linnaeus, 1758). In addition, the study of molecular genetic markers COI and EF-1a reveals that the Dagestan populations belong to Satyrus ferula (Fabricius, 1793), rather than to S. amasinus Staudinger, 1861

SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF NONSTOICHIOMETRIC δ-NbN1+y FILMS

The structural state of oriented nonstoichiometric δ-NbN1.2 films (NaCl-type structure) prepared by reactive ion plasma sputtering has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. An intensive diffuse scattering has been found on the microdiffraction patterns. The diffuse scattering distribution in the reciprocal space, the regularities of intensity vanishing, as well as the dependence of diffuse scattering on the N/Nb ratio, carbon and oxygen impurity atoms have been determined. It has been concluded that the diffuse scattering observed in δ-NbN films with a nitrogen content surplus (N/Nb=1.2) is caused by the atomic displacement wave spectrum in the range of [MATH] ([MATH] is a δ-NbN reciprocal lattice vector, [MATH] corresponding to 0.9 [MATH], 0.9 [MATH]). The atom displacement waves are possibly related to δ-NbN - Nb4N5 phase transition