40 research outputs found
A Lie algebra that can be written as a sum of two nilpotent subalgebras, is solvable
This is an old paper put here for archeological purposes. It is proved that a
finite-dimensional Lie algebra over a field of characteristic p>5, that can be
written as a vector space (not necessarily direct) sum of two nilpotent
subalgebras, is solvable. The same result (but covering also the cases of low
characteristics) was established independently by V. Panyukov (Russ. Math.
Surv. 45 (1990), N4, 181-182), and the homological methods utilized in the
proof were developed later in arXiv:math/0204004. Many inaccuracies in the
English translation are corrected, otherwise the text is identical to the
published version.Comment: v2: minor change
Presentations: from Kac-Moody groups to profinite and back
We go back and forth between, on the one hand, presentations of arithmetic
and Kac-Moody groups and, on the other hand, presentations of profinite groups,
deducing along the way new results on both
A Principled Approach to Analyze Expressiveness and Accuracy of Graph Neural Networks
Graph neural networks (GNNs) have known an increasing success recently, with many GNN variants achieving state-of-the-art results on node and graph classification tasks. The proposed GNNs, however, often implement complex node and graph embedding schemes, which makes challenging to explain their performance. In this paper, we investigate the link between a GNN's expressiveness, that is, its ability to map different graphs to different representations, and its generalization performance in a graph classification setting. In particular , we propose a principled experimental procedure where we (i) define a practical measure for expressiveness, (ii) introduce an expressiveness-based loss function that we use to train a simple yet practical GNN that is permutation-invariant, (iii) illustrate our procedure on benchmark graph classification problems and on an original real-world application. Our results reveal that expressiveness alone does not guarantee a better performance, and that a powerful GNN should be able to produce graph representations that are well separated with respect to the class of the corresponding graphs
Finite covers of random 3-manifolds
A 3-manifold is Haken if it contains a topologically essential surface. The
Virtual Haken Conjecture posits that every irreducible 3-manifold with infinite
fundamental group has a finite cover which is Haken. In this paper, we study
random 3-manifolds and their finite covers in an attempt to shed light on this
difficult question. In particular, we consider random Heegaard splittings by
gluing two handlebodies by the result of a random walk in the mapping class
group of a surface. For this model of random 3-manifold, we are able to compute
the probabilities that the resulting manifolds have finite covers of particular
kinds. Our results contrast with the analogous probabilities for groups coming
from random balanced presentations, giving quantitative theorems to the effect
that 3-manifold groups have many more finite quotients than random groups. The
next natural question is whether these covers have positive betti number. For
abelian covers of a fixed type over 3-manifolds of Heegaard genus 2, we show
that the probability of positive betti number is 0.
In fact, many of these questions boil down to questions about the mapping
class group. We are lead to consider the action of mapping class group of a
surface S on the set of quotients pi_1(S) -> Q. If Q is a simple group, we show
that if the genus of S is large, then this action is very mixing. In
particular, the action factors through the alternating group of each orbit.
This is analogous to Goldman's theorem that the action of the mapping class
group on the SU(2) character variety is ergodic.Comment: 60 pages; v2: minor changes. v3: minor changes; final versio