Soot and Fullerenes Formation in the Premixed Benzene-Oxygen Mixture in Electric Field at Low Pressure

Influence of the direct electric current of different polarity on flame forms, soot yield, parameters of soot samples micro crystals (Lа, Lc and d002) and soot particles sizes in intensity range from 0.5 to 20 kV at electrode systems «needle-plane» at combustion of benzene-oxygen mixture at the ratio С/О = 1.0 with addition of 10% volume of argon at pressure 40 Torr was investigated. It was found that at positive polarity action of electric field rises to such a degree that at U ≥ 10 kV it leads to flame extinction. It is shown that maximum decrease in soot yield is observed at negative polarity. It was found that intensity range of electric field in which soot yield was 10% more soot yield without applying electric field. It was shown that parameters of soot micro crystals on average remain constant irrespective of intensity andpolarity. Fullerenes С60, С70 and PAH were identified in the extracts of soot samples by the method of IR-spectroscopy

Burning Oil Layer on the Surface of Water

The results of investigations on combustion of Karazhanbas and Tengiz oil on the surface of water are presented. The minimum thickness of oil layer allowing to initiate and support the process of combustion is stated to be lie in the range of 3–5 mm. For ignition and maintenance of stable combustion of oil on water surface, a synthetic sorbent is proposed. It is found that, the synthetic sorbent accelerates the combustion process of oil on water surface threefold in comparison with the combustion process of oil without a sorbent. It is shown that the remaining mass of oil on water surface after combustion process termination, presents a bituminous substance having a good coalescence and high adhesion that allows to collect it with high efficiency by a mechanical method. The process of ignition and combustion of oil on the water surface is significantly affected by contained in it combustible volatiles. In this paper, on the example of oil from Tengiz field, the regularities of the influence of temperature and salinity on evaporation of light fractions and the burnout process are revealed. It is determined that the degree of water salinity does not affect the process of evaporation of light fractions of oil, this process is significantly affected by temperature water. The research has shown that the important factors that influence the degree of burning of the oil layer on the surface of water is the degree of salinity and the initial temperature of water, while these relationships are complex. Revealed that the salt water burning process more profitable to produce oil at water temperatures above 20 °C. The developed model in has been supplemented with a coefficient of thermal conductivity as a function depending on temperature. Numerical results more accurately predict the experimental observations. The reason is that thermal diffusivity is determined more precisely

Combustion of Hydrogen Sulfide-Containing Oil on the Surface of the Water and Possible Applications of Combustion Method at Sea

Oil production in sea conditions is associated with certain difficulties of the field development process due to technological peculiarities of oil production at sea. The Caspian Sea is an enclosed pond with a very sensitive ecosystem, therefore, maritime operations here meet higher requirements than in open ponds. The uniqueness of the Caspian Sea is in the fact that its biological wealth has no analogues in the world, therefore, mining without complying with strict ecological requirements can cause irreparable harm to the environment. This work deals with the analysis of the possibility to use controlled combustion in situ in case of accidents on the Kashagan oil field which is located in the Caspian Sea. The Kashagan oil field is distinguished by a high content of hydrogen sulphide. In order to study the operational possibilities of oil combustion in situ, the process of evaporation and combustion of desulfurized oil from the Kashagan field depending on salinity of water was studied in this work. The process of evaporation of hydrogen sulphide from hydrogen sulphide-containing oil and the peculiarities of its combustion on water surface were studied in this work. It has been stated that the main difference in oil combustion with a high content of hydrogen sulphide is that the oil combustion process leads to the increase of sulfur concentration in oil residue after combustion

Influence of Magnetite Nanoparticles on Mechanical and Shielding Properties of Concrete

This paper presents an experimental study on the performance of shielding concrete with additives of magnetite nanoparticles. Two concretes with magnetite additives as well as one based concrete were tested. In order to achieve the high-performance concrete, all concrete mixes had a constant water/cement ratio of 0.45. In order to measure the mechanical properties, concrete samples were made in accordance with dimension such as 40 × 40 × 160 mm. But, for measurement of protective properties the concrete was made in accordance with dimension of rotary antennas such as 400 × 400 mm with a thickness of 10 mm. The nanoparticles Fe3O4 were synthesized by chemical condensation method. XRD have shown the presence of cubic structure of Fe3O4 spinel with crystallite size is equal to 130.0 Å. The TEM microphotograph shows that theFe3O4 nanoparticles are spherical, the range of sizes is 12‒30 nm. The magnetic retardation suggests that the magnetite nanoparticles have superparamagnetic properties. This is explained by the fact that under the influence of external magnetic field, they are single-domain, in other words, they become uniformly magnetized throughout the volume. The additives of magnetite nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.5% mass have not a negative effect on flexural strength. The samples with additives of magnetite nanoparticles showed better shielding of microwave radiation in the frequency range from 0.7 GHz to 13 GHz. The maximum efficiency of suppression of electromagnetic disturbance is equal to 19.9 dB at a frequency of 1.5 GHz with a thickness of 10 mm

Synthesis of Superhydrophobic Carbon Surface during Combustion Propane

We synthesize and deposit carbon nanostructures through flame synthesis on silicon and nickel wafers at different nonpremixed flame locations to produce hydrophobic surfaces. The hydrophobicity is characterized through the contact angle for water droplets placed on the surface. The surface morphology of the nanoparticles is obtained from SEM images. The morphology and hydrohobicity of the nanostructured surfaces depends upon the deposition, which differs at various flame locations. We determine the optimum flame location for the synthesis and deposition of surface carbon nanostructures that lead to maximum hydrophobicity

Aerogels Based on Graphene Oxide with Addition of Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Properties

Nowadays numerous sorbents based on graphene and other carbon nanomaterials have been synthesized for the removal or collecting of oil remains due to its unique physico-chemical properties. Obtaining of aerogels based on graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes with addition of chitosan solution as a binder component is shown in this paper. Aerogels were synthesized by reduction of aqueous dispersion of graphene oxide using the reducing agents, followed by ultrasonic and thermal treatment. Ultrasound destroys the graphene layers, decreasing them in size, thereby exposing new layers to form edges that already have no stabilizing carboxyl groups, which are located at the edges, and participate in the formation of bonds. The surface morphology of obtained aerogels was studied by SEM. The study of the sorption capacity showed that graphene/CNTs aerogel is characterized by short absorption time and high sorption ability that depend on densities of the used solvents. All experimental results show the possibility of using the aerogels based on graphene and CNTs as sorbents for collection of oil residues

Self-Supporting Hybrid Supercapacitor Electrodes Based on Carbon Nanotube and Activated Carbons

Self-supporting AC (activated carbon)-FWCNT (few-wall carbon nanotubes) hybrid electrodes were fabricated by mixing of ACs with high specific surface area (SSA) and sub-millimeter-long FWCNTs. In order to fabricate the hybrid electrodes, AC and FWCNT were mixed in a weight ratio of 9:1, dispersed by bath-sonication and vacuum-filtrated on a membrane filter. The addition of FWCNTs gives conductivity and mechanical strength, and replace metallic current collectors in thick (0.1 mm) electrodes. For making an electrode, three different ACs that derived from walnut shell (WS), that from apricot stones (AS), and that commercially used for capacitors (YP-80F, Kuraray Chemical Co., Osaka Japan), were used with FWCNT in weight ratio of AC:FWCNT = 9:1. An electrode based only on FWCNT was also prepared as a reference for comparison. Electrochemical properties of the obtained electrodes were investigated by the cyclic voltammetry method (CV). Electrochemical characteristics were measured using the three-electrode cell contained of YP-80F-FWCNT, AS-FWCNT, WS-FWCNT as a working electrode, a YP-80F-FWCNT counter electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode with an electrolyte of 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. Also, the morphological properties of obtained electrodes were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), the SSA was investigated by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. SSA, conductivity, and resistivity of AS-FWCNT and WS-FWCNT electrodes were summarized. Both the AS-FWCNT and WS-FWCNT hybrid electrodes showed specific capacitances of about 140 F/g at 1 mV/s and about 100 F/g at 100 mV/s, which are similar or even better than the AC-CNT hybrid electrode made of commercialized AC (YP-80F)

Investigation of Nanohydrophobic Sand as an Insulating Layer for Cultivation of Plants in Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals

The paper presents the results of laboratory experiments to test hydrophobic sand, on the basis of soot as an insulating for growing plants-hyperaccumulators heavy metals ‒ amaranth (Amaranthus paniculatus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants. For the first time in agriculture hydrophobic sand was used for the irrigation of water-saving experiments for growing palms in arid areas of the UAE. The hydrophobic sand was obtained from normal beach sand, which is covered by small particles of pure silica, pretreated pairs trimethylhydroxysilane, (CH3)3SiOH. After this treatment, the outer shell grains saturated groups of compounds insoluble in water, sand and exposes hydrophobic properties. Thus obtained nanohydrophobic sand is considered to be physiologically safe for plants and supplied by the manufacturer with 30-year warranty of the hydrophobic effect. In our experiments we used the conventional washed river sand, as adhesive bases used polyurethane glue SD-600 is dissolved in ethyl acetate. The sand thus obtained is added 1% superhydrophobic soot. The sand is obtained by using carbon black becomes hydrophobic properties, does not transmit moisture, it has virtually no adverse effect on plant growth. To test hydrophobic sand used plastic pots (volume 1 l). The lower layer of the moistened soil-ground containing various concentrations of heavy metals (TM), the next separation layer ‒ nanohydrophobic sand, and the top layer ‒ a layer of fertile soil enriched vermicompost for growing plants. When watering plants nanohydrophobic sand layer retains water and prevents migration of TM (Zn, Cd, Cu) of the lower contaminated layer to the upper, the mold

Investigation of Nanohydrophobic Sand as an Insulating Layer for Cultivation of Plants in Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals

The paper presents the results of laboratory experiments to test hydrophobic sand, on the basis of soot as an insulating for growing plants-hyperaccumulators heavy metals ‒ amaranth (Amaranthus paniculatus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants. For the first time in agriculture hydrophobic sand was used for the irrigation of water-saving experiments for growing palms in arid areas of the UAE. The hydrophobic sand was obtained from normal beach sand, which is covered by small particles of pure silica, pretreated pairs trimethylhydroxysilane (CH3)3SiOH. After this treatment, the outer shell grains saturated groups of compounds insoluble in water, sand and exposes hydrophobic properties. Thus obtained nanohydrophobic sand is considered to be physiologically safe for plants and supplied by the manufacturer with 30-year warranty of the hydrophobic effect. In our experiments we used the conventional washed river sand, as adhesive bases used polyurethane glue SD-600 is dissolved in ethyl acetate. The sand thus obtained is added 1% superhydrophobic soot. The sand is obtained by using carbon black becomes hydrophobic properties, does not transmit moisture, it has virtually no adverse effect on plant growth. To test hydrophobic sand used plastic pots (volume 1 l). The lower layer of the moistened soil-ground containing various concentrations of heavy metals (TM), the next separation layer ‒nanohydrophobic sand, and the top layer ‒ a layer of fertile soil enriched vermicompost for growing plants. When watering plants nanohydrophobic sand layer retains water and prevents migration of TM (Zn, Cd, Cu) of the lower contaminated layer to the upper, the mold