ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ВЫПУСКА КОМПЛЕКТОВ ИЗДЕЛИЙ И ИНТЕНСИВНОСТЕЙ ИХ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ СЛУЧАЙНОГО СПРОСА

The problem of optimizing the output of multi-product batch and the intensities of its items manufacture in the production line over a number of time intervals is considered. The line has a linearly ordered multiple positions without buffers. Workpieces of the input sequence composed of cyclically repeated identical subsequences (batches) are processed consecutively one by one in each working position in the order of their location in the line. Only a single workpiece is disposed in each position at each time point. The operation of the line consists of takts of simultaneous processing of all workpieces located in respective positions by the sets of tools corresponding to workpieces and positions. The composition of a batch does not vary from interval to interval. The ranges of possible demand quantities for each product and the probability distribution of the demand in these ranges are assumed known for each time interval. The sum of manufacturing cost, costs of storage and/or penalties for unmet demand on products is used as objective function. Manufacturing cost depends on processing intensities to be defined and increases with an increase in the number of batches produced in the current interval. Storage cost of unclaimed product units as well as penalty for product units not supplied to the customer do not decrease with the increase of number of such units. A two-level decomposition method for solving the problem based on the ideas of multi-step optimization is proposed.Рассматривается задача оптимизации на ряде временных интервалов программы выпуска производственной линией комплектов изделий нескольких наименований и интенсивностей их изготовления. Линия состоит из ряда линейно упорядоченных рабочих позиций без буферов. Заготовки из входной последовательности, состоящей из циклически повторяющихся идентичных подпоследовательностей (комплектов), обрабатываются последовательно одна за другой на каждой рабочей позиции линии в порядке их расположения, и в каждый момент времени на каждой позиции обрабатывается только одна заготовка. Работа линии состоит из тактов одновременной обработки на всех позициях всех расположенных на них заготовок соответствующими позициям и заготовкам наборами инструментов. Состав комплекта не изменяется от интервала к интервалу. Диапазоны возможных величин спроса на каждое изделие комплекта и распределение вероятностей спроса в этих диапазонах считаются известными для каждого временного интервала. В качестве целевой функции используется сумма производственных затрат, затрат на хранение невостребованных изделий и/или штрафов за неудовлетворенный спрос на них. Производственные затраты зависят от принимаемой интенсивности обработки и возрастают с увеличением количества комплектов, выпускаемых в текущем интервале. Затраты на хранение невостребованных изделий каждого наименования, а также штрафы за недопоставленные заказчикам изделия не убывают с ростом числа таких изделий. Предложен двухуровневый декомпозиционный метод решения задачи, основанный на идеях многошаговой оптимизации.

The martyrdom effect : when pain and effort increase prosocial contributions

Most theories of motivation and behavior (and lay intuitions alike) consider pain and effort to be deterrents. In contrast to this widely held view, we provide evidence that the prospect of enduring pain and exerting effort for a prosocial cause can promote contributions to the cause. Specifically, we show that willingness to contribute to a charitable or collective cause increases when the contribution process is expected to be painful and effortful rather than easy and enjoyable. Across five experiments, we document this “martyrdom effect,” show that the observed patterns defy standard economic and psychological accounts, and identify a mediator and moderator of the effect. Experiment 1 showed that people are willing to donate more to charity when they anticipate having to suffer to raise money. Experiment 2 extended these findings to a non-charity laboratory context that involved real money and actual pain. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the martyrdom effect is not the result of an attribute substitution strategy (whereby people use the amount of pain and effort involved in fundraising to determine donation worthiness). Experiment 4 showed that perceptions of meaningfulness partially mediate the martyrdom effect. Finally, Experiment 5 demonstrated that the nature of the prosocial cause moderates the martyrdom effect: the effect is strongest for causes associated with human suffering. We propose that anticipated pain and effort lead people to ascribe greater meaning to their contributions and to the experience of contributing, thereby motivating higher prosocial contributions. We conclude by considering some implications of this puzzling phenomenon. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

К СИНТЕЗУ КОМПОНОВОК АГРЕГАТНЫХ СТАНКОВ ДЛЯ ГРУППОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ

The problems of choosing the optimal standard size of the basic units and assembly components of machine tools for batch processing of parts are considered. The algorithms for solving some of these problems by optimizing of mutual disposition of unit elements are proposed. The algorithm for constructing 3D-models of machine tool layout elements in the graphics system T-Flex is pro-posed. The structure and method for implementation of the software for construction and estimation of the machine tool layouts for batch processing are given.Рассматриваются задачи выбора оптимальных типоразмеров основных узлов и сборочных единиц агрегатных станков для групповой обработки деталей. Предлагаются алгоритмы решения некоторых таких задач за счет оптимизации взаимного размещения элементов узлов, а также алго-ритм построения 3D-моделей элементов компоновок агрегатных станков в графической системе T-Flex. Приводятся структура и методика использования программной подсистемы формирования и оценки компоновок агрегатных станков для групповой обработки

Об оптимизации смешанной зарядной инфраструктуры электробусов для городских маршрутов

Objectives. When transition from a fleet of diesel buses to a fleet of electric buses, it is important to optimize the charging infrastructure, which combines the slow-charging technologies at the depot overnight and fast recharging at the terminals of the routes. The purpose of the study is to create models and methods for developing the cost-effective solutions for selecting this type of charging infrastructure for a fleet of electric buses serving the city route system, taking into account a number of specific conditions. The operation of the fleet and charging infrastructure is modeled both for the depot at night and for the terminal stops in the most representative period of the day, characterized by the highest intensity of passenger traffic and maximum power consumption.Methods. Methods of set theory, graph theory and linear approximation are used.Results. A mathematical model has been developed for the problem of optimizing a mixed-type charging infrastructure for an electric bus fleet. The total daily cost of charging stations, degradation of electric bus batteries and consumed electricity was chosen as the objective function. The model is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem.Conclusion. To solve the formulated problem, standard solvers like IBM ILOG CPLEX can be used. The solution of the problem lies in the choice of durations and schedules for charging electric buses at low-capacity charging stations in the depot at night and at high-capacity charging stations of terminal stops in a given range of peak hours.Цели. При переходе от парка дизельных автобусов к парку электробусов актуальной является оптимизация зарядной инфраструктуры, совмещающей технологии медленной зарядки батарей в депо в ночное время и быстрой подзарядки на конечных остановках маршрутов. Цель исследования заключается в создании моделей и методов выработки экономически эффективных решений по выбору зарядной инфраструктуры такого типа для парка электробусов, обслуживающих систему городских маршрутов с учетом ряда специфических условий. Функционирование парка и зарядной инфраструктуры моделируется как для депо в ночной период, так и для конечных остановок в наиболее представительный период дня, характеризующийся наибольшей интенсивностью пассажиропотока и максимальным расходом электроэнергии.Методы. Используются методы теории множеств, теории графов и линейной аппроксимации.Результаты. Разработана математическая модель задачи оптимизации зарядной инфраструктуры смешанного типа для парка электробусов. В качестве целевой функции выбрана суммарная дневная стоимость зарядных станций, износа батарей электробусов парка и потребленной электроэнергии. Модель сформулирована в виде задачи смешанного целочисленного линейного программирования.Заключение. Для решения сформулированной задачи целочисленного линейного программирования могут использоваться стандартные решатели типа IBM ILOG CPLEX. Решение задачи заключается в выборе длительностей и расписаний зарядки электробусов на зарядных станциях малой мощности в депо в ночное время и на зарядных станциях большой мощности конечных остановок в заданном диапазоне часов пик

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ РАЗМЕЩЕНИЯ ГРУППЫ ДЕТАЛЕЙ НА МНОГОПОЗИЦИОННОМ ПОВОРОТНОМ СТОЛЕ АГРЕГАТНОГО СТАНКА

The problem of minimizing the mass of rotary transfer machine by placing a batch of workpieces at the rotary table is considered. To solve this problem the mathematical model and heuristic PSO algorithm are proposed. The results of numerical experiments for series of real problems are reported. The experiments revealed that the PSO algorithm on average is more effective for the solution of the problem compared to methods of random search and LP-search.Рассматривается задача минимизации массы агрегатного станка с многопозиционным поворотным столом за счет размещения каждой детали группы на столе при их групповой последовательно-параллельной обработке. Предлагаются математическая модель и эвристический алгоритм «роя частиц» для решения данной задачи. Приводятся результаты численных экспериментов по решению предложенным методом задач этого типа

AN ACTUAL METHODS OF RIGHT-SIDED CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIAS SURGICAL TREATMENT

Purpose: to improve the surgical treatment outcomes in children with right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernias (RCDH).Materials and methods. An anatomical experimental study included filing vena cava inferior and hepatic veins with barium suspense was carried out in 4 children’s corps: with RCDH (2) and the control – without RCDH (2). An X-ray vasographic comparison was performed. Carrying out a clinical part of investigation, two groups of patients were compared: operated till 2008 (22 children) when forced replacement of liver under the diaphragm with its followed closure above the liver, and operated after 2008 (11 children) with partial closure of a diaphragmatic defect up to the liver and followed diaphragmaplasty with synthetic lattice. Clinical and X-ray examinations were performed then.Results. An anatomic research revealed that hepatic veins in RCDH corps were situated upper than in control corps in ½ or 1 thoracic vertebra. In the first group children lethal outcomes was in 9 patients (40.9%), in second group there were no any lethal outcomes.Summary: 1. RCDH must be considered as an intrathoracic liver ectopic position. 2. There is rational to use transthoracic approach in children with such a pathology

Differential disgust responding in people with cancer and implications for psychological wellbeing

Objectives: Evidence suggests that disgust responses, known to negatively affect psychological wellbeing, may differ in people with cancer. We performed the first quantitative investigation of three discrete types of disgust trait - disgust propensity, sensitivity, and self-directed disgust - in people diagnosed with a broad range of cancers (versus cancer-free controls), and explored their associations with psychological wellbeing. Design: In a cross-sectional survey design, 107 participants with heterogeneous cancer diagnoses, recruited from cancer charities and support groups, were matched with cancer-free controls by age and gender. Outcome measures: Measures of the three disgust traits were taken alongside measures of anxiety and depression. Results: Disgust sensitivity and physical self-disgust were significantly higher in the cancer than control sample, while disgust propensity and behavioural self-disgust were lower. The disgust traits had a different pattern of associations to psychological wellbeing across the two groups, with disgust sensitivity predicting depressive symptoms to a significantly greater extent in the cancer than control group. Conclusions: People with cancer differ from matched controls in their disgust responses and these responses have significant predictive relationships with aspects of their psychological wellbeing. The results suggest that emotion-based interventions may be useful for improving psychological wellbeing in people with cancer

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ВЫПУСКА И ИНТЕНСИВНОСТЕЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ГРУППЫ ДЕТАЛЕЙ ПРИ НЕСТАЦИОНАРНОМ СПРОСЕ

We consider a problem of optimizing the output of a batch of parts and intensities of its processing with tool blocks on a multiposition equipment under non-stationary demand and predetermined time intervals. The batch content does not vary from one interval to another. The objective function is the sum of production cost, storage cost of excess parts, and penalties for unmet demand. The production cost depends on processing intensities. A decomposition method for solving the problem is proposed.Рассматривается задача оптимизации размеров выпуска группы деталей и интенсивностей их обработки на многопозиционном оборудовании блоками инструментов при нестационарном спросе на заданных временных интервалах. Состав группы не меняется от интервала к интервалу. В качестве целевой функции принята сумма затрат на производство, хранение избытков деталей и штрафы за неудовлетворенный спрос на них. Затраты на выпуск группы деталей зависят от интенсивностей их обработки. Предложен декомпозиционный метод решения задачи

ЛИНЕЙНАЯ АППРОКСИМАЦИЯ ЗАДАЧИ ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ ИНТЕНСИВНОСТЕЙ ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНО-ПАРАЛЛЕЛЬНОГО ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ПЕРЕСЕКАЮЩИХСЯ МНОЖЕСТВ ОПЕРАЦИЙ

The mathematical model and method for the problem of optimization of intensities of sequen-tial-parallel execution of intersecting operation sets are proposed. The proposed method is based on the approximation of the problem by linear programming problem.Предлагаются математическая модель и метод оптимизации интенсивностей последова-тельно-параллельного выполнения пересекающихся множеств операций. Интенсивность любой опе-рации остается неизменной в составе любого множества. Зависимости материальных и временных затрат на выполнение любой операции в составе конкретного множества от ее интенсивности представимы выпуклыми функциями. Предложенный метод основывается на аппроксимации исходной задачи задачей линейного программирования. Приводится интерпретация в терминах рассмотренной задачи одной из задач оптимизации режимов групповой многоинструментальной обработки деталей на многопозиционном оборудовании

Fighting the flinch : experimentally induced compassion makes a difference in healthcare providers

Objectives: Although healthcare providers are required to sustain care in difficult circumstances, some patients challenge this principle. Evoking compassion seems likely to be helpful in such situations. This research aimed to evaluate whether inducing compassion in healthcare providers might mitigate disengagement with patients who have challenging presenting features such as those with disgusting symptoms and/or are to blame for their own health problems. Design: An online experimental study with clinical healthcare providers. Methods: Medical students (n=219) and qualified healthcare professionals (n=108) took part in an online experiment. Participants were randomised to view a slideshow of either neutral images (control) or compassion-inducing images (compassion condition) and were then presented with a series of patient vignettes where presenting problems systematically varied on patient responsibility and disgusting symptoms. Engagement was assessed by asking participants how caring they felt, how much they would want to help, how challenging it would be, and whether they would wear a mask. Results: Participants reported less engagement with patients who were responsible for their illness and who presented with disgusting symptoms. Induced compassion offset disengagement and qualified health professionals were more caring and willing to help patients than medical students. The compassion induction eliminated some differences between experienced and trainee clinicians. Conclusions: This research demonstrates that disgust and patient responsibility impacts clinical engagement and that medical students are more impacted by such scenarios than qualified health providers. Inducing compassion may help to mitigate these differences and further investigation into strategies that foster engagement with difficult patients is warranted