Effect of pollen sources on fruit set and quality of edible fig (Ficus carica L.) cv. ‘Bursa Siyahı’

The caprification practice has been used widely in fig cultivation because it affects the yield and quality of fig fruits, a phenomenon known as the ‘xenia effect’. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of pollen sources on fruit sets and fruit quality in the ‘Bursa Siyahı’ fig cultivar in 2017 and 2018. The eleven male genotypes and five cultivars were used as pollen source. The findings obtained in the present study showed that pollen sources significantly affected fruit set, early fruiting rate, fruit size, ostiole width, skin and flesh thickness, titratable acidity (TA), pH, and soluble solids content (SSC). The fruit set ratio varied from 32.02% (‘16 03 06’) to 76.66% (‘16 08 07’), and fruit weight varied from 77.29 g (‘16 03 06’) to 106.88 g (‘16 00 01’) based on pollen sources. The ostiole diameter ranged from 3.84 mm (‘16 ZF 08’) to 7.67 mm (‘77 00 01’). The skin thickness ranged from 3.01 mm (‘Havran’) to 5.35 mm (‘16 00 01’). The principal component analysis was performed to distinguish the pollen sources for the ‘Bursa Siyahı’ cultivar. The analysis proposed that the most important factors affecting the fig quality can be reduced to five components. Fruit weight (0.958), skin thickness (0.810), flesh l* value (0.821), pH (-0.872), and SSC (0.836) value could be regarded as the characteristic indicators for PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5, respectively.  The results showed that ‘16 09 10’, ‘16 05 03’, ‘16 08 07’, and ‘16 08 12’ pollen sources are adequate pollinators for the edible ‘Bursa Siyahı’ fig

t-Generalized Supplemented Modules

In the present paper, t-generalized supplemented modules are defined starting from the generalized ⨁-supplemented modules. In addition, we present examples separating the t-generalized supplemented modules, supplemented modules, and generalized ⨁-supplemented modules and also show the equality of these modules for projective and finitely generated modules. Moreover, we define cofinitely t-generalized supplemented modules and give the characterization of these modules. Furthermore, for any ring R, we show that any finite direct sum of t-generalized supplemented R-modules is t-generalized supplemented and that any direct sum of cofinitely t-generalized supplemented R-modules is a cofinitely t-generalized supplemented module.Доведено, що t-узагальнені доповнені модулі визначені на основі узагальнених ⨁-доповнених модулів. Kpiм того, наведено приклади, що відокремлюють t-узагальнені доповнені модулі, доповнені модулі та узагальнені ⨁-доповнені модулі, а також доведено рівність цих модулів для проективних та скінченнопороджених модулів. Також визначено кофінітно t-узагальнені доповнені модулі та наведено характеристику цих модулів. Більш того, для кожного кільця R доведено, що будь-яка скінченна пряма сума t-узагальнених доповнених R-модулів є t-узагальненою доповненою, а також будь-яка пряма сума кофінітно t-узагальнених доповнених R-модулів є кофінітно t-узагальненим доповненим R-модулем

G-Supplemented Modules

Following the concept of generalized small submodule, we define g -supplemented modules and characterize some fundamental properties of these modules. Moreover, the generalized radical of a module is defined and the relationship between the generalized radical and the radical of a module is investigated. Finally, the definition of amply g -supplemented modules is given with some basic properties of these modules.Із застосуванням поняття узагальненого малого підмодуля визначено поняття g-доповнених модулів та охарактеризовано дєякі фундаментальні властивості цих модулів. Крім того, визначено поняття узагальненого радикала модуля та вивчено співвідношення між узагальненим радикалом та радикалом модуля. Насамкінець наведено визначення поняття рясно g-доповнених модулів та вивчено основні властивості цих модулів

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterizations and quantum chemical computational studies of (Z)-4-[(E)-p-tolyldiazenyl]-6-[(2-hydroxyphenylamino) methylene]-2-methoxycyclohexa-2,4-dienone

In this study, the molecular structure and spectroscopic properties of title compound were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopies. These properties of title compound were also investigated from calculative point of view. The X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analyses reveal the existence of keto form in the solid state. UV-vis spectra were recorded in different organic solvents. The results show that title compound exists in both keto and enol forms in DMSO, EtOH but it exists in enol form in benzene. In addition, the title compound in DMSO showed new absorption band at 436 nm due to the high ionizing effect of this solvent. The geometry optimization of title compound in gas phase was performed using DFT method with B3LYP applying 6-311G(d,p) basis set. TD-DFT calculations starting from optimized geometry were carried out in gas phase to calculate excitation energies of title compound. The non-linear optical properties were computed with the same level of theory and title compound showed a good second order nonlinear optical property. In addition, thermodynamic properties were obtained in the range of 100-500 K. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

(E)-2-[(2-Bromophenylimino)methyl]-5-methoxyphenol: X-ray and DFT-calculated structures

The crystal structure of (E)-2-[(2-Bromophenylimino)methyl]-5-methoxyphenol is determined by using X-ray diffraction and then the molecular structure is investigated with density functional theory (DFT). X-Ray study shows that the title compound has a strong intramolecular O-H?N hydrogen bond and three dimensional crystal structure is primarily determined by C-H?? and weak van der Waals interactions. The strong O-H?N bond is an evidence of the preference for the phenol-imine tautomeric form in the solid state. Optimized molecular geometry is calculated with DFT at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. The IR spectra of compound were recorded experimentally and calculated to compare with each other. The results from both experiment and theoretical calculations are compared in this study. © 2010 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Hexakis(4-phormylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene: X-ray and DFT-calculated structures

The crystal structure of hexakis(4-phormylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene is determined by using X-ray diffraction and then the molecular structure is investigated with density functional theory (DFT). X-Ray study shows that the title compound has C-H?? interaction with phosphazene ring. The molecules in the unit cell are packed with Van der Waals and dipole-dipole interactions and the molecules are packed in zigzag shaped. Optimized molecular geometry is calculated with DFT at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. The results from both experimental and theoretical calculations are compared in this study. © 2010 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Theoretical and experimental studies on electronic structure, cocrystallization, and intramolecular proton transfer of two tautomers: (E)-2-{[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenylimino]methyl}-5-methoxyphenol and (Z)-6-{[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenylamino] methylene}-3-methoxy-cyclohexa-2, 4-dienone

In this work, the structure of (E)-2-{[2-(hydroxymethyl) phenylimino]methyl}-5-methoxyphenol was characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction technique, infrared spectroscopy, and quantum chemical computational methods as both experimental and theoretically. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 9.4601 (5) Å, b = 11.7273 (7) Å, c = 12.4400 (8) Å, ? = 88.179 (5)°, ß = 71.442 (4)°, ? = 84.977 (5)°, and Z = 4. X-Ray study shows that both enol-imine and keto-amine tautomeric forms coexist in the asymmetric unit as two independent molecules. The molecular geometry was also optimized at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level by using density functional theory started from the crystallographically achieved parameters of molecule. From the optimized geometry of the molecule, molecular electrostatic potential was evaluated, frontier molecular orbitals and natural bond orbital analysis were performed, and vibrational frequencies were computed theoretically. The polarizable continuum model calculations starting from the optimized geometry were also carried out in both gaseous and solution phase to investigate the energetic behavior and dipole moment of the title compound with the same level of theory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Hexakis(4-phormylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene: X-ray and DFT-calculated structures

The crystal structure of hexakis(4-phormylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene is determined by using X-ray diffraction and then the molecular structure is investigated with density functional theory (DFT). X-Ray study shows that the title compound has C-H⋯π interaction with phosphazene ring. The molecules in the unit cell are packed with Van der Waals and dipole-dipole interactions and the molecules are packed in zigzag shaped. Optimized molecular geometry is calculated with DFT at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. The results from both experimental and theoretical calculations are compared in this study. © 2010 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd