A study of night waking and infant crying : "What do I do to stop baby crying?" : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masterate in Education at Massey University

This study investigates maternal responses to night waking and infant crying. It illustrates differences in the degree and the type of mothering that is practised with relation to (i) previous mothering experience (ii) prior and immediate circumstances surrounding the baby's cry, and (iii) educational level of the mother. Two groups of mothers were interviewed: a primiparous group and a multiparous group. All mothers had babies between three and twelve weeks of age at the time of the interview. Mothers were from the Palmerston North area and surrounding environs, and were classified according to family socio-economic level, mother's education and number of other children. All mothers were given a similar interview to obtain information on (i) feeding style, i.e. breast or bottle (ii) amount of attention baby needs at night (iii) degree of grizzliness found in baby (iv) amount of help father gives (v) general health and temperament of baby (vi) ethnic group of mother and father (vii) what mother would do when baby wakes up and cries at night (viii) mother's attitude to spoiling the baby. In order to assess what mother does when baby wakes at night, four Vignettes were prepared to hypothesis four feeding states. Each Vignette was followed by questions on what mother would do when baby cried, and how soon she would do it. A chi-square test was applied to assess the significance of the difference between the scores of multiparous and primiparous mothers. Observations from this survey show differences in waiting times with relation to the experience of the mother, and differences in response styles to cope with baby crying at night with relation to (i) mothering experience (ii) amount of time given to attending to basic physical or social needs (iii) amount of time repeatedly spent attending to basic physical needs, and differences in feeding style with relation to the educational level of the mother. Results of some earlier surveys are reinforced, and recommendations are made for future work on this topic

Growing a Green Economy for All: From Green Jobs to Green Ownership

This Democracy Collaborative report provides the first comprehensive survey of community wealth building institutions in the green economy. Featuring ten cases, the report identifies how policy and philanthropy can build on these examples to create "green jobs you can own.

What We Don\u27t Know About Class Actions but Hope to Know Soon

Legislation that would alter class action practice in the federal courts has been pending in Congress. Nearly a decade’s worth of U.S. Supreme Court cases have restricted the scope and ease of use of the class action device. Class action critics argue that class litigation is a “racket” that fails to compensate plaintiffs and instead enriches plaintiffs’ lawyers at the expense of legitimate business practices. On the other hand, defenders of class actions decry the legislative and judicial forces aligned against them, warning that trends in class action law will eviscerate the practical rights held by consumers and workers. In short, there is considerable controversy over whether class actions are an economic menace or a boon to the little guys. We have two purposes in this brief Article. First, we wish to focus continuing attention on the need for more empirical information about the actual functioning of the federal class action system. Second, we wish to share our current efforts to use a one-of-a-kind collection of docket reports, originally harvested from Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER), to fill the empirical gap. Presentation of empirical findings resulting from this effort awaits a future article. However, this Article includes suggestions as to how the federal judiciary and Administrative Office of the United States Courts (“AO”) could improve data management and data reporting so as to make information about federal class actions more accessible to scholars and others interested in how the class action device operates in practice and what reforms, if any, would be advisable

Content Creation Online

Presents findings from surveys conducted between March and May 2003. Measures the extent to which American adults have used the Internet to publish their thoughts, respond to others, post pictures, and share files

Development of response models for the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) sensors. Part 2: Analysis of the ERBE integrating sphere ground calibration

An explicit solution of the spectral radiance leaving an arbitrary point on the wall of a spherical cavity with diffuse reflectivity is obtained. The solution is applicable to spheres with an arbitrary number of openings of any size and shape, an arbitrary number of light sources with possible non-diffuse characteristics, a non-uniform sphere wall temperature distribution, non-uniform and non-diffuse sphere wall emissivity and non-uniform but diffuse sphere wall spectral reflectivity. A general measurement equation describing the output of a sensor with a given field of view, angular and spectral response measuring the sphere output is obtained. The results are applied to the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) integrating sphere. The sphere wall radiance uniformity, loading effects and non-uniform wall temperature effects are investigated. It is shown that using appropriate interpretation and processing, a high-accuracy short-wave calibration of the ERBE sensors can be achieved

Riparian Corridors Encroachment and Flood Risk Assessment in Ile-Ife: A GIS Perspective

The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.Recent development and expansion of paved surfaces as a result of urban growth has resulted in encroachment of riparian corridors, the immediate effect of which poses flood risk to affected areas. Geographic Information System (GIS) method was employed in this study to determine the level of encroachment as well as areas susceptible/at risk to flood and flooding. Results from the study indicated that urban and agricultural land uses had encroached significantly on the riparian corridor and had disrupted the ecosystem services of the corridor. Results also indicated that major parts of the watershed had low flood risk but serious encroachment exists therein. Buildings as many as 1129 had already encroached into the 30 metres minimum setback standard which are mainly riparian corridor and the buildings which had encroached into the corridor fall within the high flood risk zone of the watershed

Detector Efficiency Limits on Quantum Improvement

Although the National Institute of Standards and Technology has measured the intrinsic quantum efficiency of Si and InGaAs APD materials to be above 98 % by building an efficient compound detector, commercially available devices have efficiencies ranging between 15 % and 75 %. This means bandwidth, dark current, cost, and other factors are more important than quantum efficiency for existing applications. This paper systematically examines the generic detection process, lays out the considerations needed for designing detectors for non-classical applications, and identifies the ultimate physical limits on quantum efficiency.Comment: LaTeX, 7 pages, 3 figure

A stochastic optimal feedforward and feedback control methodology for superagility

A new control design methodology is developed: Stochastic Optimal Feedforward and Feedback Technology (SOFFT). Traditional design techniques optimize a single cost function (which expresses the design objectives) to obtain both the feedforward and feedback control laws. This approach places conflicting demands on the control law such as fast tracking versus noise atttenuation/disturbance rejection. In the SOFFT approach, two cost functions are defined. The feedforward control law is designed to optimize one cost function, the feedback optimizes the other. By separating the design objectives and decoupling the feedforward and feedback design processes, both objectives can be achieved fully. A new measure of command tracking performance, Z-plots, is also developed. By analyzing these plots at off-nominal conditions, the sensitivity or robustness of the system in tracking commands can be predicted. Z-plots provide an important tool for designing robust control systems. The Variable-Gain SOFFT methodology was used to design a flight control system for the F/A-18 aircraft. It is shown that SOFFT can be used to expand the operating regime and provide greater performance (flying/handling qualities) throughout the extended flight regime. This work was performed under the NASA SBIR program. ICS plans to market the software developed as a new module in its commercial CACSD software package: ACET

Protecting Ourselves from Harm: Voices of Aging Farmers

Senior farmers suffer the highest fatality risk of any age group in agriculture. The purpose of this exploratory study was to develop a voice for senior farmers by examining aging farmers\u27 and their families\u27 perspectives of farm work, associated injury risks, and methods to decrease those risks. Focus groups and personal interviews were used to collect data from 81 participants across seven U.S. states. The findings reflect the collective and verified voice of the study group. The Health Belief Model was applied and revealed differences between farmers and their family members; however, the need and desire to continue self-directed work was ubiquitous. Seniors reported external risks, while family members were more likely to name risks associated with the health of the senior farmer. Both groups cited stress as an injury risk. Posing risk to others was the trigger point for senior farmers to make behavior changes. Family members reported uneasiness in initiating safety conversations. Adaptation of existing interventions for self-assessment of risk was rejected. Use of the popular farm press and respected local resources were desired as avenues for safety education. Humor and stories were highly regarded. Interventions should be tailored for the target audience. These new insights into the risk perceptions of senior farmers and their families may result in more appropriate actions by health professionals, extension staff social workers, vocational rehabilitation specialists, and others who work with farm populations

Wisdom from Executive Female Leaders: What Can Organizations, Executive Education Programs, and Graduate Students Learn?

This qualitative study focused on the perceptions and experiences of senior executive female leaders and sought answers to the following questions: “What can others learn from executive female leaders, What can organizations do to retain and advance female leaders, and How can executive education programs and institutions of higher learning better develop female graduate students for leadership positions?” Twelve senior leaders were interviewed who shared the opportunities and challenges they faced as they made their climbs to executive leadership positions