Что такое социологическая пропаганда?

Статья посвящена концепции социологической пропаганды Жака Эллюля. Автор анализирует комментаторскую литературу, рассматривает спорные и уязвимые места концепции, в том числе подробно останавливается на обоснованности термина, противопоставлении социологической и политической пропаганды, проблеме организации социологической пропаганды и ее соотношении с пропагандой культурной, эффективности пропаганды и ее способности преодолевать сопротивление индивида. В статье заостряются проблемы неосознаваемости такой пропаганды и ее способности мимикрировать под социальные форматы, которые менее всего можно заподозрить в пропаганде. Благодаря этому социологическая пропаганда начинает манипулировать негативными установками людей, в том числе "расчеловечивать" врагов нации, как это видно на примере США. Автор настаивает на том, что для анализа современной пропаганды необходимо учитывать ее сложность и способность к трансформации, и это хорошо показано в работе Эллюля. В статье на примере рок-музыки анализируется действие американской социологической пропаганды во времена СССР, а также ее влияние в наши дни на примере выборов президента США

Phase diagram of 2D array of mesoscopic granules

A lattice boson model is used to study ordering phenomena in regular 2D array of superconductive mesoscopic granules, Josephson junctions or pores filled with a superfluid helium. Phase diagram of the system, when quantum fluctuations of both the phase and local superfluid density are essential, is analyzed both analytically and by quantum Monte Carlo technique. For the system of strongly interacting bosons it is found that as the boson density $n_0$ is increased the boundary of ordered superconducting state shifts to {\it lower temperatures} and at $n_0 > 8$ approaches its limiting position corresponding to negligible relative fluctuations of moduli of the order parameter (as in an array of "macroscopic" granules). In the region of weak quantum fluctuations of phases mesoscopic phenomena manifest themselves up to $n_0 \sim 10$. The mean field theory and functional integral $1/n_0$ - expansion results are shown to agree with that of quantum Monte Carlo calculations of the boson Hubbard model and its quasiclassical limit, the quantum XY model.Comment: 7 pages, 5 Postscript figure

New model for system of mesoscopic Josephson contacts

Quantum fluctuations of the phases of the order parameter in 2D arrays of mesoscopic Josephson junctions and their effect on the destruction of superconductivity in the system are investigated by means of a quantum-cosine model that is free of the incorrect application of the phase operator. The proposed model employs trigonometric phase operators and makes it possible to study arrays of small superconducting granules, pores filled with superfluid helium, or Josephson junctions in which the average number of particles $n_0$ (effective bosons, He atoms, and so on) is small, and the standard approach employing the phase operator and the particle number operator as conjugate ones is inapplicable. There is a large difference in the phase diagrams between arrays of macroscopic and mesoscopic objects for $n_0 < 5$ and $U<J$ ($U$ is the characteristic interaction energy of the particle per granule and $J$ is the Josephson coupling constant). Reentrant superconductivity phenomena are discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 3 Postscript figure

Stochastic Turing patterns in the Brusselator model

A stochastic version of the Brusselator model is proposed and studied via the system size expansion. The mean-field equations are derived and shown to yield to organized Turing patterns within a specific parameters region. When determining the Turing condition for instability, we pay particular attention to the role of cross diffusive terms, often neglected in the heuristic derivation of reaction diffusion schemes. Stochastic fluctuations are shown to give rise to spatially ordered solutions, sharing the same quantitative characteristic of the mean-field based Turing scenario, in term of excited wavelengths. Interestingly, the region of parameter yielding to the stochastic self-organization is wider than that determined via the conventional Turing approach, suggesting that the condition for spatial order to appear can be less stringent than customarily believed.Comment: modified version submitted to Phys Rev. E. 5. 3 Figures (5 panels) adde

Representations of (2,n)(2,n)-semigroups by multiplace functions

We describe the representations of $(2,n)$-semigroups, i.e. groupoids with $n$ binary associative operations, by partial $n$-place functions and prove that any such representation is a union of some family of representations induced by Schein's determining pairs.Comment: 17 page

Origin of volatiles emitted by Plinian mafic eruptions of the Chikurachki volcano, Kurile arc, Russia : trace element, boron and sulphur isotope constraints

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Chemical Geology 478 (2018): 131-147, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.10.009.Chikurachki is a 1816-m high stratovolcano on Paramushir Island, Kurile arc, Russia, which has repeatedly produced highly explosive eruptions of mafic composition. The present work is aimed at constraining the origin of volatile components (CO2, H2O, F, S, and Cl), along with B and S isotopic compositions in a series of phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions and groundmass glasses from basaltic andesite pyroclasts of the 1853, 1986, and prehistoric Plinian eruptions of the volcano. The ranges of volatile concentrations in melt inclusions (47–1580 μg/g CO2, 0.4–4.2 wt% H2O, 399–633 μg/g F, 619–3402 μg/g S and 805–1240 μg/g Cl) imply a sudden pressure release from ~ 460 through ~ 35 MPa that corresponds to ~ 1.2–16-km-depth range of magma ascent upon decompression. We conclude that rapid ascent of the volatile-rich basaltic magmas from ~ 16-km initial depth accompanied by near-surface bubble nucleation and growth, and subsequent magma fragmentation appear to be a primary reason for the Plinian character of the Chikurachki eruptions. Significant negative correlations of S with K, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Pr (R = − 0.8 to − 0.9), no clear relationships of S with H2O, CO2 and Cl, but strong positive correlations of S/K2O with H2O/K2O, Cl/K2O and F/K2O preclude magma degassing to be the only process affecting volatile concentrations dissolved in the melt. The δ34S values of the studied inclusion and groundmass glasses range from − 1.6 to + 12.3‰, decrease with decreasing S, show significant positive correlations with H2O/K2O, Cl/K2O and F/Zr, and negative correlations with a number of incompatible trace elements. Neither open- nor close-system magma degassing can account for the observed range of δ34S. The δ11B values of the melt inclusions range from − 7.0 to + 2.4‰ with 13–23 μg/g B. The relationships of δ11B with B/K2O and B/Nb are inconsistent with magma contamination at shallow crustal depths. Linear character of 1/S vs. δ34S relationship suggests two-component mixing. The possible mixing end-members could be the magmas having similar major and trace element compositions, but strongly contrasting volatile contents and S isotopes. Based on the behaviour of fluid-mobile vs. fluid-immobile incompatible trace elements, we conclude that the subduction component likely represents a mixture of subduction sediment-derived melt with up to 60% of slab-derived fluid. Admixture of ~ 1–8% of the inferred subduction component to the depleted mantle wedge source is required to account for the compositional range of the Chikurachki melt inclusions, and ~ 0.4–10% to constrain the composition of Kurile arc mafic magmas.This work was benefited from the NENIMF financial support of AAG during his training as a SIMS research specialist, the NSF grant EAR 0911093 to AAG, and partially from the Russian Science Foundation grant #16-17-10145 to VSK and MEZ

Josephson array of mesoscopic objects. Modulation of system properties through the chemical potential

The phase diagram of a two-dimensional Josephson array of mesoscopic objects is examined. Quantum fluctuations in both the modulus and phase of the superconducting order parameter are taken into account within a lattice boson Hubbard model. Modulating the average occupation number $n_0$ of the sites in the system leads to changes in the state of the array, and the character of these changes depends significantly on the region of the phase diagram being examined. In the region where there are large quantum fluctuations in the phase of the superconducting order parameter, variation of the chemical potential causes oscillations with alternating superconducting (superfluid) and normal states of the array. On the other hand, in the region where the bosons interact weakly, the properties of the system depend monotonically on $n_0$. Lowering the temperature and increasing the particle interaction force lead to a reduction in the width of the region of variation in $n_0$ within which the system properties depend weakly on the average occupation number. The phase diagram of the array is obtained by mapping this quantum system onto a classical two-dimensional XY model with a renormalized Josephson coupling constant and is consistent with our quantum Path-Integral Monte Carlo calculations.Comment: 12 pages, 8 Postscript figure

Межлекарственные взаимодействия у новых противоэпилептических препаратов: фокус на перампанел и зонисамид

In the past 25 years, there has been an exponential introduction of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in clinical practice. As is often the treatment of epilepsy carried throughout of life, as part of the patient assigned to polytherapy with other AEDs, their drug-drug interactions are an important factor in the treatment of epilepsy, which can be a major therapeutic challenge. For new AEDs interaction particularly important because they often can only be assigned to an add-on polytherapy, at least the first prescribing. Main pharmacokinetics interaction associated with the induction or inhibition of hepatic enzymes, while mainly pharmacodynamics interaction may result in synergy against adverse effects, although there are also examples of anticonvulsant synergism. This article describes in detail the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics interaction of new AEDs (zonisamide and perampanel) with other AEDs.В последние 25 лет наблюдается широкое внедрение новых противоэпилептических препаратов (ПЭП) в клиническую практику. Поскольку часто лечение эпилепсии проводится на протяжении всей жизни, а части пациентам назначается политерапия с другими ПЭП, их межлекарственные взаимодействия являются важным фактором в лечении эпилепсии, что может быть основной терапевтической проблемой. Для новых ПЭП способность к взаимодействию особенно важна, поскольку они чаще всего могут быть назначены только в качестве вспомогательной политерапии, по крайней мере, при первом назначении. Основное фармакокинетическое взаимодействие ПЭП связано с индукцией или торможением печёночных ферментов, в то время как фармакодинамические взаимодействия главным образом могут повлечь синергизм в отношении неблагоприятного воздействия, хотя также существуют примеры противосудорожного синергизма. Настоящая статья подробно описывает фармакокинетические и фармакодинамические взаимодействия новых ПЭП (зонисамид и перампанел) с другими ПЭП