Burst pressure of super duplex stainless steel pipes subject to combined axial tension, internal pressure and elevated temperature

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Autoclave design for high pressure-high temperature corrosion studies

Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Steve Cawley of John Cardwell Limited and Jim Herrmann of Cortest Inc. for the manufacture of the autoclave and for the permission to use the vessel design schematic drawings (Figures 8 and 9) in the paper; these figures are not to be used for production without the express written permission of Cortest Inc. The assistance of the technical staff of the School of Engineering Central Workshop is much appreciated.Peer reviewedPostprin

The Mechanical Behavior of a 25Cr Super Duplex Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperature

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Mechanical behaviour and stress corrosion cracking of super duplex stainless steel pipes in high pressure and high temperature environment

The oil and gas industry is constantly looking at ways to keep costs down in high temperature and high pressure (HPHT) well completions. The use of duplex or super duplex stainless steel (DSS or SDSS) for production tubing rather than high alloy (austenitics or nickel based) steels is one way to achieve this. An effective use of DSS or SDSS requires an understanding of the effects of environmental and metallurgical variables on the general and localised corrosion behaviour and resistance to environment assisted cracking (EAC) in HPHT well conditions. This research investigates the behaviour of small scale SDSS pipes subject to combined loads in a chloride and sulphide environment which are commonly found in the non-production annulus of oil and gas well completions. The effects of H2S (which can sometimes leak from the production fluid) on the chloride-based fluid and ammonium bisulphite in the non-production environment is examined. This is used to provide a realistic assessment of the type of fluid that SDSS production tubing may be exposed to in service. Experimental results are presented for the failure envelope under combined internal pressure and axial tension, and mechanical properties of SDSS pipe over a range of temperatures. A standalone autoclave was designed and commissioned to study the initiation of EAC in SDSS pipes in several aqueous solutions under a range of loading conditions: internal pressure, axial load, and a combination of internal pressure and axial load. The work presented in this thesis shows that corrosion tests can be carried out using small scale pipes for better understanding of the effects of stress state on corrosion behaviour. In particular, the safe working envelope of SDSS in terms of load combination, chloride-sulphide environment and temperature is determined in this thesis. This would help the end user understand and gain better in-service performance of SDSS in oil and gas HPHT environment.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

The current status of National Cancer Control Plans in Africa: Data from 32 countries

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly rising in Africa. National Cancer Control Plans (NCCPs have contributed to a reduction in the burden of some preventable cancers, availing early diagnosis and adequate treatment modalities and palliative care, while sustaining them with sufficient monitoring systems. knowledge we undertook a cross-sectional survey across continental Africa to understand the presence of NCCPs, availability of early detection and screening policies and the status of health financing pertaining to cancer. Methods: Through an online survey, we approached key cancer care staff in 54 countries. Questions were themed in 3 main areas - Cancer registries and national cancer control plans (NCCPs) availability in countries, Cancer screening, diagnosis and management capacity, Financing in cancer care. Results: On 54 approached respondents, we received 32 responses. 88 % of responding countries have active national cancer registries, 75 % with NCCPs and 47 % with cancer screening policies and practices. Universal Health Coverage is available in 40 % of countries. Conclusion: Our study shows that there is a scarcity of NCCPs in Africa. Deliberate investment in cancer registry and clinical services is key to improving access to care and ultimately reduce cancer mortality in Afric

An analysis of survivorship care strategies in national cancer control plans in Africa

PURPOSE: In 2017, the World Health Organization urged member states to develop and implement national cancer control plans (NCCPs) and to anticipate and promote cancer survivor follow-up care, which is a critical yet often overlooked component of NCCPs. This study aims to examine the inclusion of cancer survivorship-related strategies and objectives in NCCPs of African countries. METHODS: Independent reviewers extracted strategies, objectives, and associated indicators related to survivorship care from 21 current or recently expired NCCPs in African countries. Building on a similar analysis of the US state cancer control plans, reviewers categorized these strategies according to an adapted version of the ten recommendations for comprehensive survivorship care detailed in the 2006 National Academy of Medicine report. RESULTS: A total of 202 survivorship-related strategies were identified, with all NCCPs including between 1 and 23 references to survivorship. Eighty-three (41%) strategies were linked to measurable indicators, and 128 (63%) of the survivorship-related strategies were explicitly focused on palliative care. The most frequent domains referenced were models of coordinated care (65 strategies), healthcare professional capacity (45), and developing and utilizing evidence-based guidelines (23). The least-referenced domains were survivorship care plans (4) and adequate and affordable health insurance (0). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that survivorship objectives and strategies should extend beyond palliative care to encompass all aspects of survivorship and should include indicators to measure progress. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Stakeholders can use this baseline analysis to identify and address gaps in survivorship care at the national policy level