The effect of responses to vernalization, photoperiodism, and earliness per se of barley accessions from Dagestan on the duration of the period from shooting to heading

Background. Paratypic variability of the development rates of barley accessions from the Republic of Dagestan was analyzed for five years in the Northwe st of Russia (Pushkin, St. Petersburg) and in the North Caucasus (Derbent, Dagestan). Responses to vernalization, photoperiodism and earliness per se were tested in contrasting environments to assess their effect on barley development. Such studies make it possible to identify valuable adaptable plant forms in the barley germplasm collection for further use in breeding practice.Materials and methods. In Dagestan, the duration of the period from shooting to heading was measured for 12 samples of barley accessions in winter and spring sowing trials. Twenty samples sown in spring in both regions were compared. An empirical indicator of plant development rate was used for barley: the criterion “the number of days by which the period from shooting to heading of an accession exceeds the minimum across a sample” (DPSH).Results and conclusions. Early barley accessions with a low norm of responsiveness were identified: k-3772, k-15013, k-15034, k-15036, k-15186, k-15192, k-21803 and k-23785 – they combined weak sensitivity to a short photoperiod and vernalizing temperatures, so they are promising for breeding in regions where the length of the growing season is a limiting factor. The effect of the responses of barley accessions from Dagestan to vernalization and a short photoperiod on the duration of the period from shooting to heading was on average 8 (5.1–10.6) days and on their earliness per se 6 (4.8–8.2) days. Paratypic variability reflects the range of variation for these indicators. In Dagestan, vernalization temperatures and insensitivity to a short day are the main factors determining the earliness of local barleys in their native environment

Variability of the period between germination and heading in spring barley accessions from Dagestan

Background. The genetic variability of the period between the germination and heading phases was analyzed in barley accessions from the Republic of Dagestan planted in the southern area of Dagestan (Derbent) and the Northwest of Russia (Pushkin, St. Petersburg). Testing barley development rates under contrasting climate conditions of Russia makes it possible to assess the paratypic variability and a norm of reaction in the tested accessions in order to identify environmentally adaptable plant forms useful for breeding.Materials and methods. Under spring sowing, 173 spring barley accessions were studied for the duration of the period from germination to heading. To compare the earliness of accessions planted at two sites with different sowing schedules, “the rate by which the germination-to-heading period of an accession exceeded its minimum value across the sample” was used as a criterion for calculations.Results and conclusions. Accession k-15013 was the earliest at both test sites during two years of studying. In Dagestan, accessions k-11439 and k-11475 with a low norm of reaction in 2016 and 2017 were also identified as early. Environmental conditions were found to have a significant effect on the development rate of barley accessions in Derbent and St. Petersburg. Dagestani barleys in the North-west of Russia ripened earlier than in the south of Dagestan during all the years of study. Vernalization temperatures proved to be the main factor affecting maturation schedules of local Dagestani barleys in the area of their distribution. A longer day and the absence of high temperatures in St. Petersburg contributed to the earliness of barley accessions

PARATYPIC VARIABILITY OF THE PERIOD BETWEEN SHOOTING AND EARING STAGES OF DAGESTANIAN BARLEYS

For three years 265 barley accessions from Dagestan were analyzed for the duration of the period between shooting and earing stages. Under the conditions of south planar area of Dagestan, the early accessions k-15008 and k-15013 have been selected. The accession k-15027 was characterized by a high rate of development in the Northwestern area of the country. The Dagestanian barleys were found to be strongly affected by the growing conditions, notably they have a high norm of reaction. It is concluded that vernalization temperatures, short day and high temperatures during the vegetation period promote earliness of barley

Genetic diversity of barley accessions from East Asian countries in terms of resistance to powdery mildew

Background. Barley is an ancient crop currently cultivated in more than 100 countries. High adaptability makes it possible to cultivate it in environments unfavorable for many other crops. At the same time, fungal diseases can have a negative impact on its grain yield and quality. One of the most harmful is the fungus Blumeria graminis (DC.) Golovin ex Speer f. sp. hordei Marchal. The pathogen can overcome a cultivar’s resistance, resulting in significant harvest losses. There is a need for a constant search for new effective sources of resistance to powdery mildew for barley breeding.Materials and methods. A set of 950 barley accessions from the East Asian center of the crop’s morphogenesis were studied at the adult stage of plant development. They were screened and crossed in the fields of Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR (St. Petersburg, Russia). Genetic control of barley resistance to B. graminis was analyzed in a climate chamber under artificial infection pressure with the northwestern population of the fungus. Scoring scales were used for screening.Results and conclusions. Weak development of B. graminis during the heading phase was observed on plants of 38 barley accessions from the East Asian center. High resistance at all stages of development was manifested by 20 genotypes that can be used in breeding programs. Resistance genes in 18 selected forms differed in their effectiveness at the seedling stage of development and during the heading phase. Accessions k-3433, k-10931, k-10934, k-11608, k-17545, k-20272, k-20279, k-20354 and k-27867 had one dominant resistance gene each. Accessions k-11608, k-12278, and k-17545 are protected by the identical gene, while the resistance of k-3433 is induced by a gene that differs from the genes present in accessions k-10931 and k-20279

Powdery mildew resistance of barley in Southern Dagestan

Background. The most effective way of protecting crops from diseases and pests is the breeding and cultivation of resistant varieties. The hydrothermal regime in the southern plains of Dagestan favors damage to barley plants by the causative agent of powdery mildew. The high level of disease progress observed annually helps to reliably assess the resistance of collection accessions to the pathogen.Materials and methods. The research material included 1361 barley accessions (570 improved cultivars and 791 landraces) of different ecogeographic origin and growth habit. Field experiments were launched concurrently with winter sowing. Powdery mildew resistance was scored during the heading period and in the milk ripeness phase using a point scale. Each accession was assessed for at least three years.Results and conclusions. The results of a long-term study disclosed a significant intraspecific variability of barley collection accessions in their resistance to powdery mildew. A significant part of the studied barley accessions (63.1%) appeared susceptible to the pathogen. The occurrence frequency of disease-resistant accessions was 11.0%, while those with medium resistance reached 25.9%. Among the landraces, four resistant accessions from the Abyssinian, West Asian and Mediterranean centers of crop origin were identified. Seventeen barley varieties resistant to powdery mildew (predominantly originated from Western Europe) are recommended for use in breeding for immunity

Screening of powdery mildew resistant barley accessions from Ethiopia for tolerance to abiotic stressors

Background. Analyzing the adaptive potential of cultivated barley with the aim of using new genotypes selected and developed in the process of work is a priority trend in scientific research. The Ethiopian barleys adapted to a variety of soil and climate conditions are characterized by many valuable biological and agronomic traits. Of particular value are genotypes that combine resistance to harmful organisms and environmental stressors.Materials and methods. The collection accessions of Ethiopian barley possessing powdery mildew resistance were studied for tolerance to adverse edaphic factors (chloride salinity and high content of toxic aluminum ions in the soil). Resistance to abiotic stressors was assessed in laboratory experiments. In the study of salt tolerance, a ‘roll-based’ assessment technique was used, which takes into account the inhibition of root growth under salt (NaCl) stress conditions, compared with the reference conditions without salinization. Aluminum sensitivity of barley accessions was diagnosed in the early stages of plant development using the root test.Results and conclusions. A polymorphism of Ethiopian barleys for resistance to adverse edaphic factors was revealed. Twentyone new sources of barley resistance to toxic aluminum ions were identified, of which accessions k-8552 and k-22933 were classified as highly resistant. Accessions k-17554, k-19975, k-20029, k-20048, k-22752, k-23450 and k-25009 proved resistant to soil salinization. Barley accessions k-17554, k-22752 and k-25009 were characterized by complex resistance to powdery mildew, toxic aluminum ions, and chloride soil salinity

SEMI–DWARF PRODUCTIVE BARLEY LINES

Background. Resistance to lodging is a factor that significantly affects the yield of barley under the conditions of irrigated agriculture and intensive type of farming. Barley resistance to lodging depends on many features, among which the length of the plant stem is more important.Materials and methods. In the southern planar area of Dagestan, from 1993 till 2008, a research was conducted on the intraspecific diversity of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) belonging to different ecogeographic groups, and growth types (2,021 accessions). The F1, F2 and F3 hybrids from crosses of the long-stemmed cultivar ‘Sonet’ with semi-dwarf forms were also studied. The selected recombinant lines were evaluated for their productivity and resistance to frit fly (Oscinella frit L.).Results and conclusions. Wide variability (55–155 cm) of cultivated barley in plant height was observed. Under irrigation in the southern Dagestan, the optimum height of plants, providing high resistance to lodging, was 100–115 cm. A number of semidwarf cultivars were identified; among them, ‘Camincent’ (k-30374, Estonia), ‘Pyramid’ (k-30564, France), ‘Ramos’ (k-30315, Moscow Province) and ‘Jo 1632’ (k-30459, Finland) were the most interesting for their set of traits. The short stem of these cultivars is controlled by recessive alleles of genes. We selected productive lines that significantly exceeded their parental forms in grain weight per area unit and resistance to frit fly: L 15/4 (F6 Sonet × Camincent) and L 16/12 (F6 Sonet × Pyramid). These lines can be used to breed lodging-resistant large-grain barley cultivars for cultivation on irrigated lands

Powdery mildew resistance of barley accessions from Dagestan

Powdery mildew caused by the parasitic fungus Blumeria graminis (DC.) Golovin ex Speer f. sp. hordei Marchal is one of the most common diseases of barley. Growing resistant varieties can significantly minimize harmful effects of the pathogen. The specificity in the interaction between the fungus and its host plant requires a continuous search for new donors of the resistance trait. The powdery mildew resistance of 264 barley accessions from Dagestan and genetic control of the trait in resistant forms were studied under field and laboratory conditions. Forty-seven barley lines carrying previously identified powdery mildew resistance genes were also examined. During three years, the experimental material was evaluated under severe infection pressure at the Dagestan Experiment Station of VIR (North Caucasus, Derbent). Juvenile resistance against the Northwest (St. Petersburg, Pushkin) pathogen population was evaluated in a climatic chamber. The genetic control of B. graminis resistance in the selected accessions was studied with the application of hybridological and molecular analyses. The level of genetic diversity of Dagestan barley for effective resistance to powdery mildew is very low. Only two accessions, VIR-23787 and VIR-28212, are resistant against B. graminis at both seedling and adult plant stages. The high-level resistance of breeding line VIR-28212 originating from barley landrace VIR-17554 (Ep-80 Abyssinien) from Ethiopia is controlled by the recessive gene mlo11. Accession VIR-17554 is heterogeneous for the studied trait, with the powdery mildew resistant genotypes belonging to two varieties, dupliatrum (an awnless phenotype) and nigrinudum (an awned phenotype). In accession VIR-23787, a recessive resistance gene distinct from the mlo11 allele was identified. This accession is supposed to be protected by a new, effective pathogen resistance gene

ALLELIC DIVERSITY OF THE <i> Ppd </i> AND <i> VRN </i> GENES INVOLVED IN CONTROL OF THE DURATION OF SHOOTING-EARING STAGE IN DAGESTANIAN BARLEY ACCESSIONS

The period between shooting and earing stages was investigated in a group of 265 barley accessions from Dagestan. The accessions k-15008 and k-15013 were characterized by the highest development rate in South Dagestan. In Northwest Russia the early accession k-15027 was revealed. In 207 barley accessions the dominant and recessive alleles of the Ppd and VRN genes involved in control of the period between shooting and earing stages were identified with the use of allele-specific molecular markers. Twenty two groups with different allelic combinations of the loci were revealed. The most numerous groups possessed the Ppd-H1Ppd-H2vrn-H1 Vrn-H2vrnH3 and ppd-H1Ppd-H2vrn-H1Vrn-H2vrnH3 allelic combinations and included 59 and 91 accessions correspondingly

The new sort of winter barley for Dagestan conditions

The work was done on the Dagestan experimental station VIR by N.I.Vavilov in 1984-2001.The new sort of winter barley Dagestanskiy zolotistiy was founded by the method of individual selection. The sort was entered in the State list(2001) and admited to cultivate on the sixth region