IDENTIFIKASI ENDOPARASIT PADA IKAN CUPANG (Betta splendens R) DI KOTA PEKALONGAN

Abstrak Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya ikan adalah kehadiran cacing parasit pada tubuh ikan termasuk pada ikan hias jenis cupang. Namun informasi tentang keberdaaan endoparasit pada ikan hias tersebut masih terbatas. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis cacing endoparasit  yang menginfeksi ikan cupang di Kota Pekalongan. Selain itu juga untuk mengetahui berapa tingkat prevalensi dan derjat infeksi  endoparasit tersebut. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tanggal 1 Desember – 15 Desember 2020. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 60 ekor adalah ikan yang menunjukan gejala sakit. Ikan dikelompokan menjadi dua kelompok berdasarkan ukuran 3.5 – 4,5 cm (Kelompok I ) dan 4,6 – 5,6 (kelompok II), masing masing sebanyak 30 ekor. Pengamatan endoparasit pada ikan cupang dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Universitas Pekalongan.  Dengan  hasil  yang  di  dapat  yaitu  jenis cacing Capillaria sp dengan kelompok I prevalensi 36,5 % dan kelompok II 13.33 %. Sedangkan nilai dererajat infeksinya adalah 1,93 ekor per individu ikan atau infeksi rendah. Kata kunci : Capillaria sp, Endoparasit, Ikan Cupang Abstract One of the obstacles in aquaculture  is the presence of parasitic worms in the body of fish, including betta fish. However, information about the presence of endoparasites in ornamental fish is still limited. This study aims to determine the type of endoparasitic worm that infects betta fish in Pekalongan City. In addition, to find out what the prevalence rate and infectiin disesease degree of these endoparasites is. The study was conducted on December 1st – December 15th, 2020. The number of samples used was 60 fish that showed symptoms of illness. The fish were grouped into two groups based on the size of 3.5 – 4.5 cm (Group I ) and 4.6 – 5.6 (Group II), each with 30 fish. Observation of endoparasites in betta fish was carried out at the Biology Laboratory of Pekalongan University. With the results obtained, namely the type of worm Capillaria sp with a prevalence of 36.5% in group I and 13.33% in group II. While the value of the degree of infection is 1.93 worms per individual fish or called low infection category. Key wod: Betta fish, Cappilaria sp, Endoparasit

Positive and negative effects of antipsychotic medication: an international online survey of 832 recipients

Background: Antipsychotic medication is currently the treatment of choice for psychosis, but few studies directly survey the first hand experience of recipients. Objectives: To ascertain the experiences and opinions of users of an international sample of antipsychotic drugs regarding positive and negative effects. Method: An online direct-to-consumer questionnaire was completed by 832 users of antipsychotics, from 30 countries – predominantly USA, UK and Australia. This is the largest such sample to date. Results: Over half (56%) thought the drugs reduced the problems they were prescribed for, but 27% thought they made them worse. Slightly less people found the drugs generally ‘Helpful’ (41%) than found them ‘Unhelpful’ (43%). While 35% reported that their ‘quality of life’ was ‘improved’, 54% reported that it was made ‘worse’. The average number of adverse effects reported was 11, with an average of five at the ‘severe’ level. Fourteen effects were reported by 57% or more participants, most commonly: ‘Drowsiness, feeling tired, sedation’ (92%), ‘Loss of motivation’ (86%), ‘Slowed thoughts’ (86%), and ‘Emotional numbing’ (85%). Suicidality was reported to be a side effect by 58%. Older people reported particularly poor outcomes and high levels of adverse effects. Duration of treatment was unrelated to positive outcomes but significantly related to negative outcomes. Most respondents (70%) had tried to stop taking the drugs. The most common reasons people wanted to stop were the side effects (64%) and worries about long-term physical health (52%). Most (70%) did not recall being told anything at all about side effects. Conclusions Clinical implications are discussed, with a particular focus on the principles of informed consent, and involving patients in decision making about their own lives

Evaluation of prognostic risk models for postoperative pulmonary complications in adult patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and international external validation cohort study

Background Stratifying risk of postoperative pulmonary complications after major abdominal surgery allows clinicians to modify risk through targeted interventions and enhanced monitoring. In this study, we aimed to identify and validate prognostic models against a new consensus definition of postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods We did a systematic review and international external validation cohort study. The systematic review was done in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched MEDLINE and Embase on March 1, 2020, for articles published in English that reported on risk prediction models for postoperative pulmonary complications following abdominal surgery. External validation of existing models was done within a prospective international cohort study of adult patients (≥18 years) undergoing major abdominal surgery. Data were collected between Jan 1, 2019, and April 30, 2019, in the UK, Ireland, and Australia. Discriminative ability and prognostic accuracy summary statistics were compared between models for the 30-day postoperative pulmonary complication rate as defined by the Standardised Endpoints in Perioperative Medicine Core Outcome Measures in Perioperative and Anaesthetic Care (StEP-COMPAC). Model performance was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC). Findings In total, we identified 2903 records from our literature search; of which, 2514 (86·6%) unique records were screened, 121 (4·8%) of 2514 full texts were assessed for eligibility, and 29 unique prognostic models were identified. Nine (31·0%) of 29 models had score development reported only, 19 (65·5%) had undergone internal validation, and only four (13·8%) had been externally validated. Data to validate six eligible models were collected in the international external validation cohort study. Data from 11 591 patients were available, with an overall postoperative pulmonary complication rate of 7·8% (n=903). None of the six models showed good discrimination (defined as AUROCC ≥0·70) for identifying postoperative pulmonary complications, with the Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia score showing the best discrimination (AUROCC 0·700 [95% CI 0·683–0·717]). Interpretation In the pre-COVID-19 pandemic data, variability in the risk of pulmonary complications (StEP-COMPAC definition) following major abdominal surgery was poorly described by existing prognostication tools. To improve surgical safety during the COVID-19 pandemic recovery and beyond, novel risk stratification tools are required. Funding British Journal of Surgery Society

Europeanizing the Balkans: rethinking the post-communist and post-conflict transition

This paper argues that the post-communist and post-conflict transition of the Balkans requires a methodological shift in line with globalization, which shapes political and economic transformation from within through transnational networks. As a specially tailored mechanism leading to the accession of the Balkans into the European Union, the Stabilization and Association Process (SAp) sets the framework for political and economic transformation of the region. The paper posits that the weakness of the EU's approach derives from the fact that it is informed by the dominant transition paradigm, which marginalizes the impact of globalization, and specifically the role of transnational actors. The paper provides a critique of the transition literature and its explanatory potential to account for the post-conflict and post-communist transition in the Balkans. It goes on to examine the Balkan transnational space and the role of transnational actors in the process of transition as an important additional explanation, while taking into account a double legacy: the domestic legacy, inherited from communism, and the transnational and post-communist legacy acquired during the conflict. It advances an argument that a weak state offers us a conceptual nexus for the study of democratic transition in the Balkans in the global age. We demonstrate that transnational networks benefit from a weak state and perpetuate the very weakness that sustains them. At the same time, these networks exploit multi-ethnicity and stir ethnic tensions, lest stabilization should limit their scope for action. As a result, state- and nation building appear as mutually enfeebling rather than reinforcing, thus subverting the existing EU mechanisms