De Nederlandse eurocommissaris (1958-2010)

In het voorgaande zijn de tien Nederlanders de revue gepasseerd die vanaf 1952 deel hebben uitgemaakt van de Hoge Autoriteit van de Europese Gemeenschap voor Kolen en Staal (egks) en sinds 1958 van de Commissievan de Europese Economische Gemeenschap (eeg) en van de Europese Atoomenergie Gemeenschap (Euratom). Hoewel hun politieke kleur varieert, lijken zij op het eerste gezicht veel op elkaar: door de bank genomen gaat het om mannen van middelbare leeftijd met een lange loopbaan in de Haagse politiek. Klopt deze eerste indruk? En hoe verhouden de kenmerken van de Nederlandse eurocommissarissen zich tot het profiel van hun collega’s uit de andere lidstaten?In deze slotbeschouwing wordt een beeld gegeven van ‘het’ Nederlandse lid van de Europese Commissie. De Hoge Autoriteit van de egks blijft hierbij buiten beschouwing, evenals de Euratomcommissie. Van beide organen waren er voor een uitvoerige analyse onvoldoende gegevens voorhanden over de niet-Nederlandse leden. Wel kan worden opgemerkt dat Dirk Spierenburg en Hans Linthorst Homan, die beiden deel uitmaakten van de Hoge Autoriteit, met hun overwegend ambtelijke en diplomatieke achtergrond nogal afweken van de overige Nederlandse leden van de Europese Commissie: landelijke politici zijn zij nooit geweest

Heterogeneity of mouse spleen dendritic cells: in vivo phagocytic activity, expression of macrophage markers, and subpopulation turnover

In the normal mouse spleen, two distinct populations of dendritic cells (DC) are present that differ in microanatomical location. The major population of marginal DC is found in the "marginal zone bridging channels" and extends into the red pulp. The interdigitating cells (IDC) are localized in the T cell areas in the white pulp. The aim of the present study was to characterize these two splenic DC populations with regard to their phenotype, in vivo phagocytic function, and turnover. Both marginal DC and IDC are CD11c+ and CD13+, but only IDC are NLDC-145+ and CD8alpha+. Notably, both populations, when freshly isolated, express the macrophage markers F4/80, BM8, and Mac-1. To study the phagocytic capacity of these cells, we employed the macrophage "suicide" technique by injecting liposomes loaded with clodronate i.v. Marginal DC, but not IDC, were eliminated by this treatment. Phagocytosis of DiI-labeled liposomes by DC confirmed this finding. The two DC populations differed significantly with regard to their turnover rates, as studied in a transgenic mouse model of conditional depletion of DC populations with high turnover. In these mice, marginal DC were completely eliminated, but the IDC population remained virtually intact. From these data we conclude that the marginal DC population has a high turnover, in contrast to the IDC population. Taken together, the present results indicate that marginal DC and IDC represent two essentially distinct populations of DC in the mouse spleen. They differ not only in location, but also in phenotype, phagocytic ability, and turnover

The ethics of uncertainty for data subjects

Modern health data practices come with many practical uncertainties. In this paper, I argue that data subjects’ trust in the institutions and organizations that control their data, and their ability to know their own moral obligations in relation to their data, are undermined by significant uncertainties regarding the what, how, and who of mass data collection and analysis. I conclude by considering how proposals for managing situations of high uncertainty might be applied to this problem. These emphasize increasing organizational flexibility, knowledge, and capacity, and reducing hazard

Early signaling, referral, and treatment of adolescent chronic pain: a study protocol

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chronic pain is prevalent among young people and negatively influences their quality of life. Furthermore, chronic pain in adolescence may persist into adulthood. Therefore, it is important early on to promote the self-management skills of adolescents with chronic pain by improving signaling, referral, and treatment of these youngsters. In this study protocol we describe the designs of two complementary studies: a signaling study and an intervention study.</p> <p>Methods and design</p> <p>The signaling study evaluates the Pain Barometer, a self-assessed signaling instrument for chronic pain in adolescents. To evaluate the feasibility of the Pain Barometer, the experiences of youth-health care nurses will be evaluated in semi-structured interviews. Also, we will explore the frequencies of referral per health-care provider. The intervention study evaluates Move It Now, a guided self-help intervention via the Internet for teenagers with chronic pain. This intervention uses cognitive behavioural techniques, including relaxation exercises and positive thinking. The objective of the intervention is to improve the ability of adolescents to cope with pain. The efficacy of Move It Now will be examined in a randomized controlled trial, in which 60 adolescents will be randomly assigned to an experimental condition or a waiting list control condition.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>If the Pain Barometer is proven to be feasible and Move It Now appears to be efficacious, a health care pathway can be created to provide the best tailored treatment promptly to adolescents with chronic pain. Move It Now can be easily implemented throughout the Netherlands, as the intervention is Internet based.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Dutch Trial Register NTR1926</p