Mapping polyclonal antibody responses to bacterial infection using next generation phage display

Mapping polyclonal antibody responses to infectious diseases to identify individual epitopes has the potential to underpin the development of novel serological assays and vaccines. Here, phage-peptide library panning coupled with screening using next generation sequencing was used to map antibody responses to bacterial infections. In the first instance, pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was investigated. IgG samples from twelve infected pigs were probed in parallel and phage binding compared to that with equivalent IgG from pre-infected animals. Seventy- seven peptide mimotopes were enriched specifically against sera from multiple infected animals. Twenty-seven of these peptides were tested in ELISA and twenty-two were highly discriminatory for sera taken from pigs post-infection (P < 0.05) indicating that these peptides are mimicking epitopes from the bacteria. In order to further test this methodology, it was applied to differentiate antibody responses in poultry to infections with distinct serovars of Salmonella enterica. Twenty-seven peptides were identified as being enriched specifically against IgY from multiple animals infected with S. Enteritidis compared to those infected with S. Hadar. Nine of fifteen peptides tested in ELISA were highly discriminatory for IgY following S. Enteritidis infection (p < 0.05) compared to infections with S. Hadar or S. Typhimurium

Nicotine in floral nectar pharmacologically influences bumblebee learning of floral features

D.B. was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship. L.C. is supported by an ERC Advanced Grant and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award

Growth and Asymmetry of Soil Microfungal Colonies from “Evolution Canyon,” Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel

Fluctuating asymmetry is a contentious indicator of stress in populations of animals and plants. Nevertheless, it is a measure of developmental noise, typically obtained by measuring asymmetry across an individual organism's left-right axis of symmetry. These individual, signed asymmetries are symmetrically distributed around a mean of zero. Fluctuating asymmetry, however, has rarely been studied in microorganisms, and never in fungi.We examined colony growth and random phenotypic variation of five soil microfungal species isolated from the opposing slopes of “Evolution Canyon,” Mount Carmel, Israel. This canyon provides an opportunity to study diverse taxa inhabiting a single microsite, under different kinds and intensities of abiotic and biotic stress. The south-facing “African” slope of “Evolution Canyon” is xeric, warm, and tropical. It is only 200 m, on average, from the north-facing “European” slope, which is mesic, cool, and temperate. Five fungal species inhabiting both the south-facing “African” slope, and the north-facing “European” slope of the canyon were grown under controlled laboratory conditions, where we measured the fluctuating radial asymmetry and sizes of their colonies. from the “African” slope were more asymmetric than those from the “European” slope.Our study suggests that fluctuating radial asymmetry has potential as an indicator of random phenotypic variation and stress in soil microfungi. Interaction of slope and species for both growth rate and asymmetry of microfungi in a common environment is evidence of genetic differences between the “African” and “European” slopes of “Evolution Canyon.

Evidence that the supE44 Mutation of Escherichia coli Is an Amber Suppressor Allele of glnX and that It Also Suppresses Ochre and Opal Nonsense Mutations▿

Translational readthrough of nonsense codons is seen not only in organisms possessing one or more tRNA suppressors but also in strains lacking suppressors. Amber suppressor tRNAs have been reported to suppress only amber nonsense mutations, unlike ochre suppressors, which can suppress both amber and ochre mutations, essentially due to wobble base pairing. In an Escherichia coli strain carrying the lacZU118 episome (an ochre mutation in the lacZ gene) and harboring the supE44 allele, suppression of the ochre mutation was observed after 7 days of incubation. The presence of the supE44 lesion in the relevant strains was confirmed by sequencing, and it was found to be in the duplicate copy of the glnV tRNA gene, glnX. To investigate this further, an in vivo luciferase assay developed by D. W. Schultz and M. Yarus (J. Bacteriol. 172:595-602, 1990) was employed to evaluate the efficiency of suppression of amber (UAG), ochre (UAA), and opal (UGA) mutations by supE44. We have shown here that supE44 suppresses ochre as well as opal nonsense mutations, with comparable efficiencies. The readthrough of nonsense mutations in a wild-type E. coli strain was much lower than that in a supE44 strain when measured by the luciferase assay. Increased suppression of nonsense mutations, especially ochre and opal, by supE44 was found to be growth phase dependent, as this phenomenon was only observed in stationary phase and not in logarithmic phase. These results have implications for the decoding accuracy of the translational machinery, particularly in stationary growth phase

Application of Two-Phase Simplex Method (TPSM) for an Efficient Home Energy Management System to Reduce Peak Demand and Consumer Consumption Cost

Superabundant utilization of electricity in the residential sector is one of the major reasons for frequent peak demand. Hence, power sector necessitates an appropriate solution to control and monitor the peak demand. In this regard, implementation of an appropriate home energy management system becomes mandatory at customer premises to have an effective control over peak demand. Thus, in this research a simple home energy management using Two-Phase Simplex Method (TPSM) is proposed with an objective to (i) reduce peak demand, (ii) reduce consumer consumption cost, and (iii) conserve consumer comfort level. Further, the research proposes detailed investigations on the smart energy-home management model monitored by IoT. For simulations, different load scenarios are considered and the results are compared with the existing benchmarks available in the literature. On validations, the proposed TPSM method is found simple, reliable and efficient. More importantly, the multipurpose objectives has certainly given better results in consumer consumption cost that can give better control to peak demand. Furthermore, the usage of lucid simplex method has almost reduced the computational complexity to fasten the response time. In this regard, consumer comfort is served here is considered as a major accomplishment with the proposed work.11Ysciescopu

Influência do ciclo lunar na captura de morcegos Phyllostomidae Influence of moon cycle in phyllostomid bat capture

A influência da luz da lua no padrão de atividade de morcegos já foi documentada em algumas espécies. Geralmente os morcegos reagem ao aumento da iluminação reduzindo o uso de espaços abertos e restringindo a atividade de forrageio ou a duração do período de atividade. Para estabelecer a influência do ciclo lunar na eficiência de captura de morcegos, foi realizada uma análise com 28 noites de capturas no sudeste do Brasil. A taxa de captura e a riqueza de espécies apresentaram relação linear inversa com a porção iluminada pela lua. Das espécies mais freqüentemente capturadas, apenas duas apresentaram relação significativa e negativa com o aumento da iluminação pela lua. Maiores variações na riqueza de espécies foram observadas em morcegos catadores e nectarívoros. Os dias após a lua nova são os mais produtivos em relação a capturas e riqueza. A riqueza local não pode ser totalmente amostrada se a amostragem for restrita a qualquer período do ciclo lunar. Para estudar a comunidade de morcegos é mais apropriado realizar amostragem durante todo o ciclo lunar.<br>The influence of moonlight on the activity patterns of bats has been reported to some species. In general, bats react to the increase of nocturnal illumination by reducing the use of open spaces, by limiting foraging activity or by shortening the activity periods. To determine the influence of moon cycle on the efficiency of bat netting, captures of 28 night-samplings were analyzed in southeastern Brazil. The capture rate and species richness were inversely related to the moonlight intensity. Among the most frequently netted species, only two showed significant and negative relation with increasing moonlight. The highest variation in species richness was observed in gleaners and nectarivorous species. The days following new moon were the most productive in terms of capture rate and species richness. The local species richness was not archived when sampling was restricted to any single period of the moon cycle. Bat community studies may benefit from samplings spanning the entire moon cycle

The promise of genomics in the study of plant-pollinator interactions

Flowers exist in exceedingly complex fitness landscapes, in which subtle variation in each trait can affect the pollinators, herbivores and pleiotropically linked traits in other plant tissues. A whole-genome approach to flower evolution will help our understanding of plant-pollinator interactions