CO2 quota attribution effects on the European electricity system comprised of self-centred actors

We propose to rethink collaboration between the European countries to robustly materialise the electricity system of the near future. The European countries all agree that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions need to be decreased. The dividing question is who must contribute by how much. Three aspects of collaboration are investigated and set into relation to one another. First, the individual countries can be attributed a CO2 emission quota in different ways. Second, they can collaborate by relaxing their need for autonomy, e.g. becoming less self-sufficient by placing generation capacity in countries with better prerequisites. Third, collaboration can also be strengthened by extending the cross-border transmission grid. We investigate a near future European electricity system where the primary source of emission-neutral electricity is coming from different variable renewable energy sources, but which also includes current and planned nuclear, coal, lignite and gas-fuelled power plants. We show that different CO2 emission quota attributions have an immense effect on the required local CO2 prices. Furthermore, we investigate how this influences the technology mix in the individual countries. We conclude that it is significantly easier for certain countries to decarbonise their electricity production than for others. The difficulty in the specific country depends strongly on how emission allowances are allocated in Europe. Deep collaboration between the countries leads both to a lowered total system cost and, perhaps even more importantly, to CO2 emissions and required CO2 prices that are much more equal between the European partners

Cephalometric deviations present in children and adolescents with temporomandibular joint disorders

INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have proved to be a risk factor for developing hyperdivergent facial growth patterns. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were: (1) Assess differences between the cephalometric measurements in children with articular TMD and a control group, before and after mandibular growth peak according to cervical vertebral maturation; and (2) Identify a predictive model capable of differentiating patients with TMD and control group patients based on early cephalometric characteristics. METHOD: The study included children and adolescents with maximum age of 17 years, divided into experimental group (n=30) diagnosed with articular TMD-according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) for children and adolescents-subdivided according to growth stage, called pre-peak (n=17) and post-peak (n=13) and control group (n = 30), matched by gender, skeletal maturity stage of the cervical vertebrae and classification of malocclusion. Lateral cephalometric and craniofacial structures were traced and their relations divided into: Cranial base, maxilla, mandible, intermaxillary relations, vertical skeletal relations and dental relations. Differences between the means for each variable were evaluated by applying the statistical Student t test for independent samples. RESULTS: The means of the variables analyzed in the pre-peak showed no statistically significant differences. However, analysis of post-peak showed that the experimental group displayed decreased SNA and SNB and increased SN.Gn and 1.NB (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It was possible to identify a predictive model able to differentiate patients with TMD and asymptomatic controls from early cephalometric characteristics