310 research outputs found
CERTIFYING CONFLUENCE PROOFS VIA RELATIVE TERMINATION AND RULE LABELING
The rule labeling heuristic aims to establish confluence of (left-)linear
term rewrite systems via decreasing diagrams. We present a formalization of a
confluence criterion based on the interplay of relative termination and the
rule labeling in the theorem prover Isabelle. Moreover, we report on the
integration of this result into the certifier CeTA, facilitating the checking
of confluence certificates based on decreasing diagrams. The power of the
method is illustrated by an experimental evaluation on a (standard) collection
of confluence problems
Attosecond two-photon interferometry for doubly excited states of helium
We show that the correlation dynamics in coherently excited doubly excited
resonances of helium can be followed in real time by two-photon interferometry.
This approach promises to map the evolution of the two-electron wave packet
onto experimentally easily accessible non-coincident single electron spectra.
We analyze the interferometric signal in terms of a semi-analytical model which
is validated by a numerical solution of the time-dependent two-electron
Schr\"odinger equation in its full dimensionality.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Probing Electron Correlation via Attosecond XUV Pulses in the Two-Photon Double Ionization of Helium
Recent experimental developments of high-intensity, short-pulse XUV light
sources are enhancing our ability to study electron-electron correlations. We
perform time-dependent calculations to investigate the so-called "sequential"
regime (photon energy above 54.4 eV) in the two-photon double ionization of
helium. We show that attosecond pulses allow to induce and probe angular and
energy correlations of the emitted electrons. The final momentum distribution
reveals regions dominated by the Wannier ridge break-up scenario and by
post-collision interaction.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Universal features in sequential and nonsequential two-photon double ionization of helium
We analyze two-photon double ionization of helium in both the nonsequential
and sequential regime. We show that the energy spacing between the two emitted
electrons provides the key parameter that controls both the energy and the
angular distribution and reveals the universal features present in both the
nonsequential and sequential regime. This universality, i.e., independence of
photon energy, is a manifestation of the continuity across the threshold for
sequential double ionization. For all photon energies, the energy distribution
can be described by a universal shape function that contains only the spectral
and temporal information entering second-order time-dependent perturbation
theory. Angular correlations and distributions are found to be more sensitive
to the photon energy. In particular, shake-up interferences have a large effect
on the angular distribution. Energy spectra, angular distributions
parameterized by the anisotropy parameters, and total cross sections presented
in this paper are obtained by fully correlated time-dependent ab initio
calculations.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure
Improving automatic confluence analysis of rewrite systems by redundant rules
We describe how to utilize redundant rewrite rules, i.e., rules that can be simulated by other rules, when (dis)proving confluence of term rewrite systems. We demonstrate how automatic confluence provers benefit from the addition as well as the removal of redundant rules. Due to their simplicity, our transformations were easy to formalize in a proof assistant and are thus amenable to certification. Experimental results show the surprising gain in power
Spike Afterpotentials Shape the In Vivo Burst Activity of Principal Cells in Medial Entorhinal Cortex
Principal neurons in rodent medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) generate high-frequency bursts during natural behavior. While in vitro studies point to potential mechanisms that could support such burst sequences, it remains unclear whether these mechanisms are effective under in vivo conditions. In this study, we focused on the membrane-potential dynamics immediately following action potentials (APs), as measured in whole-cell recordings from male mice running in virtual corridors (Domnisoru et al., 2013). These afterpotentials consisted either of a hyperpolarization, an extended ramp-like shoulder, or a depolarization reminiscent of depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs) recorded in vitro in MEC principal neurons. Next, we correlated the afterpotentials with the cells' propensity to fire bursts. All DAP cells with known location resided in Layer II, generated bursts, and their interspike intervals (ISIs) were typically between 5 and 15 ms. The ISI distributions of Layer-II cells without DAPs peaked sharply at around 4 ms and varied only minimally across that group. This dichotomy in burst behavior is explained by cell-group-specific DAP dynamics. The same two groups of bursting neurons also emerged when we clustered extracellular spike-train autocorrelations measured in real 2D arenas (Latuske et al., 2015). Apart from slight variations in grid spacing, no difference in the spatial coding properties of the grid cells across all three groups was discernible. Layer III neurons were only sparsely bursting (SB) and had no DAPs. As various mechanisms for modulating ion-channels underlying DAPs exist, our results suggest that temporal features of MEC activity can be altered while maintaining the cells' overall spatial tuning characteristics.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs) are frequently observed in principal neurons from slice preparations of rodent medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), but their functional role in vivo is unknown. Analyzing whole-cell data from mice running on virtual tracks, we show that DAPs do occur during behavior. Cells with prominent DAPs are found in Layer II; their interspike intervals (ISIs) reflect DAP time-scales. In contrast, neither the rarely bursting cells in Layer III, nor the high-frequency bursters in Layer II, have a DAP. Extracellular recordings from mice exploring real 2D arenas demonstrate that grid cells within these three groups have similar spatial coding properties. We conclude that DAPs shape the temporal response characteristics of principal neurons in MEC with little effect on spatial properties
Attosecond streaking of correlated two-electron transitions in helium
We present fully ab initio simulations of attosecond streaking for ionization
of helium accompanied by shake-up of the second electron. This process
represents a prototypical case for strongly correlated electron dynamics on the
attosecond timescale. We show that streaking spectroscopy can provide detailed
information on the Eisenbud-Wigner-Smith time delay as well as on the infrared
field dressing of both bound and continuum states. We find a novel contribution
to the streaking delay that stems from the interplay of electron-electron and
infrared-field interactions in the exit channel. We quantify all the
contributions with attosecond precision and provide a benchmark for future
experiments.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Nonsequential two-photon double ionization of helium
We present accurate time-dependent ab initio calculations on fully
differential and total integrated (generalized) cross sections for the
nonsequential two-photon double ionization of helium at photon energies from 40
to 54 eV. Our computational method is based on the solution of the
time-dependent Schroedinger equation and subsequent projection of the wave
function onto Coulomb waves. We compare our results with other recent
calculations and discuss the emerging similarities and differences. We
investigate the role of electronic correlation in the representation of the
two-electron continuum states, which are used to extract the ionization yields
from the fully correlated final wave function. In addition, we study the
influence of the pulse length and shape on the cross sections in time-dependent
calculations and address convergence issues.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures; final version (acknowledgements and reference
added, typos fixed
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