Descriptive Analysis of Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations in Anchorage: 1996-2004

This project examined the characteristics of 1,383 sexual assault victimizations recorded by sexual assault nurse examiners in Anchorage, Alaska from 1996 to 2004. The report documents the demographic characteristics of patients, pre-assault characteristics, assault characteristics, post-assault characteristics, exam characteristics and findings, suspect characteristics, and legal resolutions.National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Grant No. 2004-WB-GX-0003Index of Tables and Figures / Acknowledgments \ Executive Summary Descriptive Analysis / Sexual Assaults in Anchorage: 1996-2004 / Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations / Purpose of this Study / Methodology / Sample and Data Limitations / Demographic Characteristics of Patients / Pre-Assault Characteristics / Assault Characteristics / Post-Assault Characteristics / Exam Characteristics and Findings / Suspect Characteristics / Legal Resolutions / Appendix A – Data Collection Instrumen

Final Report: Alaska Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Study

This project examined the characteristics of sexual assault victimizations in Alaska, as observed and recorded by sexual assault nurse examiners in Anchorage, Kodiak, Bethel, Soldotna, Nome, Fairbanks, Homer, and Kotzebue. The sample utilized for this study includes all sexual assault nurse examinations conducted in Anchorage from 1996 to 2004, in Bethel and Fairbanks in 2005 and 2006, and in Homer, Kodiak, Kotzebue, Nome, and Soldotna in 2005 (N = 1,699). This final report provides a thorough descriptive analysis of the sexual assault nurse examinations included in this study. This descriptive analysis focuses on demographic characteristics of patients; pre-assault, assault, and post-assault characteristics; exam characteristics and findings; suspect characteristics; and legal resolutions. The report then examines the predictors of genital injury. More specifically, it examines the effect of time elapsed from assault to report and of patient condition at the time of the assault. The effect of time elapsed from assault to report is examined by comparing the genital injuries of patients that reported to a sexual assault nurse examiner within 24 hours to the genital injuries of patients that did not. The effect of patient condition at the time of the assault is examined by comparing the genital injuries of patients that were sober, intoxicated, and incapacitated at the time of the assault. Results show that neither time elapsed from assault to report nor patient condition at the time of the assault impacted genital injury. The report also examines the effect of genital injury on legal resolutions. More specifically, it examines how the presence and frequency of genital injury impacts the likelihood that cases are referred for prosecution, the likelihood that cases are accepted by prosecutors, and the likelihood that cases result in a conviction. Results show that genital injury did not impact legal resolutions. Other factors, non-genital injury in particular, were significantly associated with both genital injury and legal resolutions. The relevance of these additional factors is discussedNational Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Grant No. 2004-WB-GX-0003Index of Tables and Figures / Acknowledgments / Executive Summary / I.Final Report: Alaska Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Study A.Sexual Assaults in Alaska; 1996-2006 B. Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations C. Purpose of this Study D.Review of Prior Research 1. Genital Injury 2. Predictors of Genital Injury 5. Predictors of Legal Resolutions E. Methodology F.Limitations of Sample and Data / II. Descriptive Analysis of Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations A.Demographic Characteristics of Patients B. Pre-Assault Characteristics C. Assault Characteristics D. Post-Assault Characteristics E. Exam Characteristics and Findings F. Suspect Characteristics G. Legal Resolutions / III. Predictors of Genital Injury and Legal Resolutions A. Goals of this Analysis B. Sample and Variables 1. Condition at Time of Assault 2. Time Elapsed from Assault to Report 3. Genital Injury 4. Legal Resolutions 5.Control Variables 6.Case Characteristics 7. Patient Characteristics 8. Assault Characteristics 9.Exam Characteristics 10. Exam Findings 11. Suspect Characteristics 12.Summary C. Methodology D. Bivariate Results E.Multivariate Results: Presence of Genital Injury 1. Main Effects: Presence of Genital Injury 2. Control Variables: Presence of Genital Injury 3. Final Model: Presence of Genital Injury F. Multivariate Results: Frequency of Genital Injury 1. Main Effects: Frequency of Genital Injury 2. Control Variables: Frequency of Genital Injury 3. Final Model: Frequency of Genital Injury G. Summary: Predictors of Genital Injury H. Multivariate Results: Referring a Case for Prosecution 1. Main Effects: Referring a Case for Prosecution 2. Control Variables: Referring a Case for Prosecution 3. Final Model: Referring a Case for Prosecution I. Multivariate Results: Accepting a Case for Prosecution 1. Main Effects: Accepting a Case for Prosecution 2. Control Variables: Accepting a Case for Prosecution 3. Final Model: Accepting a Case for Prosecution J. Multivariate Results: Securing a Conviction 1. Main Effects: Securing a Conviction 2. Control Variables: Securing a Conviction 3. Final Model: Securing a Conviction K. Summary: Predictors of Legal Resolutions L. Conclusions 1. Predictors of Genital Injury 2. Predictors of Legal Resolutions 3. Importance of Non-Genital Injuries / References / Appendix A – Data Collection Instrumen

Descriptive Analysis of Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations in Alaska

This project examined the characteristics of 1,699 sexual assault victimizations recorded by sexual assault nurse examiners — all those conducted in Anchorage, Alaska from 1996 to 2004, in Bethel and Fairbanks in 2005 and 2006, and in Homer, Kodiak, Kotzebue, Nome, and Soldotna in 2005. The report documents the demographic characteristics of patients, pre-assault characteristics, assault characteristics, post-assault characteristics, exam characteristics and findings, suspect characteristics, and legal resolutions.National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Grant No. 2004-WB-GX-0003Index of Tables and Figures / Acknowledgments / Executive Summary / Descriptive Analysis / Sexual Assaults in Alaska; 1996-2005 / Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations / Purpose of this Study / Methodology / Sample and Data Limitations / Demographic Characteristics of Patients / Pre-Assault Characteristics / Assault Characteristics / Post-Assault Characteristics / Exam Characteristics and Findings / Suspect Characteristics / Legal Resolutions / Appendix A – Data Collection Instrumen

Modelling public health benefits of various emission control options to reduce NO2 concentrations in Guangzhou

The local government of the megacity of Guangzhou, China, has established an annual average NO2 concentration target of 40 μg m−3 to achieve by 2020. However, the Guangzhou Ambient Air Quality Compliance Plan does not specify what constitutes compliance with this target. We investigated a range of ambition levels for emissions reductions required to meet different possible interpretations of compliance using a hybrid dispersion and land-use regression model approach. We found that to reduce average annual-mean NO2 concentration across all current monitoring sites to below 40 μg m−3 (i.e. a compliance assessment approach that does not use modelling) would require emissions reductions from all source sectors within Guangzhou of 60%, whilst to attain 40 μg m−3 everywhere in Guangzhou (based on model results) would require all-source emissions reduction of 90%. Reducing emissions only from the traffic sector would not achieve either interpretation of the target. We calculated the impacts of the emissions reductions on NO2-atttributable premature mortality to illustrate that policy assessment based only on assessment against a fixed concentration target does not account for the full public health improvements attained. Our approach and findings are relevant for NO2 air pollution control policy making in other megacities

Raising awareness of carrier testing for hereditary haemoglobinopathies in high-risk ethnic groups in the Netherlands: a pilot study among the general public and primary care providers

0.05). 191 surveys were collected from general practitioners or midwives. Their attitude towards the education programme for high-risk ethnic groups was positive, yet they did not show strong intention to effectuate carrier testing of their patients on the basis of ethnicity. The main factor which explained their (lack of) intention was social norm, i.e. their perception of negative peer opinion (41% variance explained). The majority of primary health care providers felt that policy change was unnecessary. CONCLUSION: The "infotainment" programme may have a positive effect on people from high-risk groups, but informed general practitioners and midwives were reluctant to facilitate their patients' getting tested. Additional initiatives are needed to motivate primary care providers to facilitate haemoglobinopathy carrier testing for their patients from high-risk background

Bikeability and methodological issues using the active commuting route environment scale (ACRES) in a metropolitan setting

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Route environments can positively influence people's active commuting and thereby contribute to public health. The Active Commuting Route Environment Scale (ACRES) was developed to study active commuters' perceptions of their route environments. However, bicycle commuters represent a small portion of the population in many cities and thus are difficult to study using population-based material. Therefore, the aim of this study is to expand the state of knowledge concerning the criterion-related validity of the ACRES and the representativity using an advertisement-recruited sample. Furthermore, by comparing commuting route environment profiles of inner urban and suburban areas, we provide a novel basis for understanding the relationship between environment and bikeability.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Bicycle commuters from Greater Stockholm, Sweden, advertisement- (n = 1379) and street-recruited (n = 93), responded to the ACRES. Traffic planning and environmental experts from the Municipality of Stockholm (n = 24) responded to a modified version of the ACRES. The criterion-related validity assessments were based on whether or not differences between the inner urban and the suburban route environments, as indicated by the experts and by four existing objective measurements, were reflected by differences in perceptions of these environments. Comparisons of ratings between advertisement- and street-recruited participants were used for the assessments of representativity. Finally, ratings of inner urban and suburban route environments were used to evaluate commuting route environment profiles.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Differences in ratings of the inner urban and suburban route environments by the advertisement-recruited participants were in accord with the existing objective measurements and corresponded reasonably well with those of the experts. Overall, there was a reasonably good correspondence between the advertisement- and street-recruited participants' ratings. Distinct differences in commuting route environment profiles were noted between the inner urban and suburban areas. Suburban route environments were rated as safer and more stimulating for bicycle-commuting than the inner urban ones. In general, the findings applied to both men and women.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The overall results show: considerable criterion-related validity of the ACRES; ratings of advertisement-recruited participants mirroring those of street-recruited participants; and a higher degree of bikeability in the suburban commuting route environments than in the inner urban ones.</p

Micro-resilience and justice: co-producing narratives of change

Significant lessons can be drawn from grassroots’ experiences of self-organizing to challenge the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities in cities. This paper examines the strategies of low-income dwellers living in squatted buildings in São Paulo, Brazil, and asks how resilience narratives can help one understand the agency of these micro-strategies across multiple scales. The city centre of São Paulo is a key site for housing movements to challenge spatial injustice in Brazil. In a context where housing for low-income groups is in short supply and characterized by highly skewed social and spatial distribution, squatted buildings have emerged since the 1990s as laboratories for alternative ways of producing the city. The paper draws from an action-research project investigating such occupations in São Paulo. Firstly, it explores the practices of individual and groups inhabiting a building known as Ocupação Marconi, focusing on its social production as a device for co-producing local resilience from the micro-scale. Secondly, it reflects on which forms of knowledge production might allow for putting such practices into focus, interrogating participatory action research as a means to facilitate resilience at scale

‘Just Sustainability’ or Just Sustainability? Shanghai’s Failed Drive for Global Excellence

A persistent challenge to deliver a socially just and ecologically sustainable development for emerging cities in non-Western countries is that legitimacy and effectiveness often hinge on the normalizing effect of international ‘models’ and ‘standards’ defined by the developed countries. In cases such as Shanghai’s latest urban sustainability programme, a fixation on excelling at ‘global indicators’ has led its promises of inclusive social progress astray. We argue this is not simply because Shanghai authorities didn’t ‘get’ just sustainability, but highlights a more rooted subaltern anxiety that constrains their perceptions on how their programmes should be identified and delivered. Drawing on Bourdieu’s theorisation of how social agency’s ‘logic of practice’ is connected to their positions in the ‘field’, we investigate a shared epistemic deference among Shanghai experts and publics towards knowledge generated from international experiences. This has reproduced a marginalization of the subaltern public in the field of developing sustainable cities