Analysis of the relationship between grapevine cultivars, sports and clones via DNA fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting utilizing RAPD polymorphisms was employed to investigate the relationship among 16 grapevine cultivars and sports thought to have arisen from these cultivars. From 53 primers, a total of 464 bands were generated, of which 29 % were common to all genotypes tested. Cluster analysis classified all tested cultivars into two main groups (Vitis vinifera L. and V. x Labruscana Bailey) as expected. No polymorphism was detected among known clones of Chardonnay (Ch. clone 7, Ch. clone 78 and Ch. Geneva clone) or Pinot noir (P. n. clone 29, P. n. Geneva clone and P. n. Pernand). Pinot Meunier, Pinot gris, and Gamay Beaujolais displayed patterns indistinguishable from Pinot noir. Auxerrois and Melon showed unique patterns and may be classified as distinct cultivars. Chardonnay clone 7 shared 84 % of its bands with Pinot noir. There was more than 97 % RAPD amplicon homology between Niagara and two supposed sports, and between Concord and a red-fruited sport. Taking into account the error rate in scoring RAPD bands, the evidence is against the hypothesis that the three sports are distinct cultivars. While RAPD banding patterns could not distinguish between known clones, they were useful for distinguishing between phenotypically similar cultivars and for assessing the origins of cultivars thought to have originated as sports

La science peut-elle être utile à la pratique ? Réflexion sur le transfert et l’utilisation des connaissances scientifiques dans le domaine de la santé mentale en France

International audienceAlors que depuis plusieurs années, de nombreux organismes recommandent de s'appuyer sur des données probantes pour mener des actions dans le domaine de la santé, l'utilisation des résultats des recherches scientifiques par les milieux de pratique semble poser problème dans le champ de la santé mentale en France. En s'appuyant sur des travaux réalisés dans le domaine du transfert de connaissances en santé et sur l'analyse d'une situation prototypique, cet article vise à questionner la place des données scientifiques dans les domaines pratiques en santé mentale en France. Une typologie des modes de transfert et d'utilisation des connaissances présente le modèle conceptuel (qui regroupe le mode " désintéressé " et le mode " éclairage "), le modèle instrumental (qui comprend le mode " expert " et le mode " résolution de problème "), le modèle " stratégique ", et le modèle " interactif ". Différents obstacles au processus de transfert recensés dans la littérature sont ensuite exposés : les problèmes associés aux questions et résultats de recherche, ceux associés à la diffusion, et ceux en lien avec la rencontre de cultures organisationnelles différentes. Une analyse d'une situation de transfert de connaissances en santé mentale en France permet ensuite de caractériser la problématique française dans ce domaine : une méconnaissance des connaissances et méthodes scientifiques, une confusion des rôles et des places entre praticiens et scientifiques, une relation entre milieu de pratique et milieu scientifique construite sur l'opposition et l'absence d'échange, un problème d'articulation des connaissances scientifiques avec les univers de pratique. Enfin, à partir des données de la littérature, quelques solutions sont présentées afin de favoriser l'émergence d'une coopération constructive entre milieux scientifiques et milieux de pratique

BMC Public Health

BACKGROUND: In 2009, the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health set out its recommendations for action, which included establishing equity from early childhood onwards by enabling all children and their mothers to benefit from a comprehensive package of quality programmes. In order to address social inequalities in health, it is recommended that action be taken from early childhood, and actions providing support for parenting are an effective lever in this respect. The aim of this review of systematic reviews is to analyse, on the one hand, the components and characteristics of effective interventions in parenting support and, on the other, the extent to which the reviews took into account social inequalities in health. METHODS: A total of 796 reviews were selected from peer-reviewed journals published between 2009 and 2016 in French or English. Of these, 21 reviews responding to the AMSTAR and selected ROBIS criteria were retained. These were analysed in relation to the consideration they gave to social inequalities in health according to PRISMA-equity. RESULTS: The reviews confirmed that parenting support programmes improved infants' sleep, increased mothers' self-esteem and reduced mothers' anger, anxiety and stress levels. The mainly authors noted that the contexts in which the interventions had taken place were described either scantly or not at all, making it difficult to evaluate them. Only half of the reviews had addressed the question of social inequalities in health. In particular, there had been little research conducted on the relational aspect and the social link. CONCLUSION: In terms of addressing social inequalities in perinatal health, the approach remains both modest and reductive. Understanding how, for whom and in what conditions interventions operate is one way of optimising their results. Further research is needed to study the interactions between the interventions and their contexts

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Développer des interventions de prévention et de promotion de la santé fondées sur les données probantes : la Démarche EValuation Action (DEVA)

International audienc

Les psychologues dans le champ de la santé mentale : les perspectives en promotion de la santé mentale positive

International audienceIntroductionLa promotion de la santé mentale est encore assez peu connue des psychologues et insuffisamment portée par ceux-ci, notamment parce qu’elle s’appuie sur des concepts et des données issues de la Santé Publique. De plus, elle est portée par une approche dite « positive » de la santé — qui se distingue des modèles de déficits — dont le type d’intervention consiste à mobiliser le potentiel humain en amont afin d’éviter l’apparition d’un éventuel trouble psychiatrique.DiscussionL’enjeu actuel en matière de santé mentale implique ainsi un changement de paradigme chez les psychologues permettant de passer d’une action majoritairement curative à une action orientée vers les potentialités individuelles et collectives, les objectifs de ces deux champs étant complémentaires. Cet article présente une synthèse de déterminants de la santé mentale et de politiques publiques nationales et internationales ayant pour objet de favoriser la promotion de la santé.ConclusionL’article conclut sur la manière dont les psychologues pourraient devenir des acteurs essentiels de ce champ jusqu’à présent sous-investi par la profession

Les psychologues dans le champ de la santé mentale : les perspectives en promotion de la santé mentale positive

International audienc