29 research outputs found

    Effet de l’inoculum «Compost Plus» Sur le Compostage des Tiges de Cotonnier et les Rendements en Coton au Burkina Faso

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    Afin de recycler les tiges de cotonnier en compost, l’inoculum «compost plus» comparé au fumier habituellement utilisé comme ferment, a été testé par un groupe de paysans en 2006. La durée de compostage, les consommations d’eau et les caractéristiques chimiques des composts ont été déterminées. Les composts obtenus ont été associés à la fumure minérale vulgarisée, à 5 t ha-1 pour déterminer leur efficacité sur les rendements du cotonnier. La durée moyenne du compostage des tiges de cotonnier a été de 70 et 64 j avec « compost plus » et le fumier, respectivement. Durant le compostage, en saison sèche, les consommations d’eau par tonne de tiges de cotonnier avec «compost plus» (3584 l) ont été plus importantes que celles avec le fumier (2077 l). Ces quantités d’eau ont diminué significativement, en saison pluvieuse, de même que la durée de maturation du compost. Les composts obtenus se sont révélés pauvres en P et riches en N et en K. Ces composts, associés à la fumure minérale vulgarisée, ont amélioré significativement les rendements en coton graine. L’utilisation de « compost plus » pourrait améliorer les rendements à travers un recyclage approprié des tiges de cotonnier.Mots clés : Tiges de cotonnier, compostage, « compost plus », fumier, rendement.The inoculum «compost plus», as compared to manure, usually used as ferment, was used for the composting of cotton straws by farmers in 2006. Composting time, quantities of water used and chemical properties of the compost were determined. The use of the compost, at the rate of 5 t ha-1, associated with conventional mineral fertilizer, was evaluated for cotton seed yield. The results showed that the time for cotton straw composting with «compost plus» and manure was 70 and 64 days, respectively. The quantity of water used, with «compost plus» during the dry season was higher (3584 l t-1) than that of the manure (2077 l t-1). The quantities of water decreased significantly during the rainy season. The same was true for composting time. The composts obtained with «compost plus» and manure, were lower in P and higher in N and K. Seed cotton yield increased significantly with the use of compost associated to mineral fertilizer. Finally the use of the «compost plus» inoculum could be an alternative for the recycling of cotton straws, with an increase in the organic matter content of soil and cotton production.Key words : Cotton straws, composting, «compost plus», manure, yield

    SWV determination of glyphosate in Burkina Faso soils using carbon fiber microelectrode

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    This paper presents an evaluation using carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME) for the determination of glyphosate in soils from Burkina Faso treated with Glyphonet SL 360 by square wave voltammetry (SWV).The maximum intensity of the electrochemical response signal of  glyphosate has been optimized and conditions using a 0.2 M of phosphate buffer solution at pH 5.2 as supporting electrolyte and the SWV parameters frequency of 60 Hz, a scan increment of 10 mV and a pulse height of 60 mV. The limit of detection for glyphosate in the Glyphonet SL 360 formulation was 25 Ïg L-1 while the quantification limit was 83 ÏgL-1with a linear dynamic range up to 50 Ïg L-1. In these conditions, a sequence of experiments led to recoveries in the range 88.5 to 102.3% for soil samples spiked with 50, 100 and 200 ÏgL-1 of glyphosate with a standard deviation of 11.5, 4.2 and 2.3% respectively indicating the precision of the method. The optimized method was successfully applied to determine the residues of glyphosate in soils collected in the fields in two different dates from the application period.Keywords: Glyphosate, Glyphonet SL 360, carbon fiber microelectrode, square wave voltammetry, sensitivit

    Acidification des sols ferrugineux et ferrallitiques dans les systĂšmes de production cotonniĂšre au Burkina Faso

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    La productivitĂ© des systĂšmes de culture coton-cĂ©rĂ©ales est menacĂ©e par la dĂ©gradation et l’acidification des terres. Afin de dĂ©terminer les causes de l’acidification des sols dans la zone cotonniĂšre du Burkina Faso, une expĂ©rimentation a Ă©tĂ© conduite pendant deux annĂ©es, en milieu paysan, sur des sols ferrugineux et ferrallitiques, respectivement sur les sites de Dohoun et Balla. Trois modes d’exploitation des terres, dĂ©finis par la jachĂšre, la culture attelĂ©e et la culture motorisĂ©e, ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s pour dĂ©terminer leurs effets sur les caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques des sols Ă©tudiĂ©s. Par rapport Ă  la jachĂšre, comparĂ©e Ă  la culture attelĂ©e, la culture motorisĂ©e a entraĂźnĂ©, en surface (0-20 cm) des sols ferrugineux et ferrallitiques, une augmentation des teneurs en sable de 8 Ă  12% et une baisse du taux d’argile de 35% qui expose ces sols à l’acidification. Contrairement Ă  la jachĂšre, la culture motorisĂ©e a entraĂźnĂ© des pertes significatives de carbone et d’azote, qui rendent les sols plus sensibles Ă  l’acidification qu’en culture attelĂ©e. L’exploitation des terres s’est aussi traduite par une baisse significative des teneurs des cations majeurs du complexe adsorbant (Ca2+ et Mg2+), de la somme des bases Ă©changeables (SBE) et de la capacitĂ© d’échange cationique (CEC), accentuant la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© Ă  l’acidification sous culture motorisĂ©e. La dĂ©gradation des sols cultivĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© plus importante pour les sols ferrallitiques qu’au niveau des sols ferrugineux, dont la CEC a Ă©tĂ© 2 Ă  3 fois plus Ă©levĂ©e. La culture attelĂ©e et la culture motorisĂ©e, pratiquĂ©es, le plus souvent, sans restitution organique, se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©es comme Ă©tant des causes de l’acidification des sols ferrallitiques, plus accentuĂ©e que celle des sols ferrugineux. L’étude recommande d’adopter des techniques adĂ©quates de travail du sol et de procĂ©der Ă  des amendements appropriĂ©s pour attĂ©nuer l’acidification et garantir la durabilitĂ© des systĂšmes de production.Mots clĂ©s: Exploitation des terres, acidification, sol ferrugineux, sol ferrallitique, zone cotonniĂšre

    Effets de la fertilisation potassique des sols ferrugineux tropicaux sur la nutrition minérale et la productivité du cotonnier (Gossypium hirsutum L.) au Burkina Faso

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    L'Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© conduite pendant deux annĂ©es, dans deux stations expĂ©rimentales situĂ©es Ă  l’Ouest et à l’Est du Burkina Faso, pour Ă©valuer l'efficacitĂ© de la fertilisation potassique sur les rendements du cotonnier et ses effets sur les caractĂ©ristiques technologiques de la fibre de coton. Les traitements Ă©taient constituĂ©s par lafumure minĂ©rale vulgarisĂ©e sur le cotonnier (150 kg ha-1 de 14-18-18-6S-1B + 50 kg ha-1 d'urĂ©e) Ă  laquelle cinq doses de chlorure de potassium (0; 25; 50; 75 et 100 kg ha-1 de KCl) ont Ă©tĂ© associĂ©es. Dans un dispositif expĂ©rimental en blocs de Fisher, la nutrition minĂ©rale du cotonnier, le rendement en coton graine et ses composantes ainsi que les caractĂ©ristiques technologiques de la fibre ont Ă©tĂ© les paramĂštres mesurĂ©s. Les doses de potassium ont significativement amĂ©liorĂ© la nutrition potassique du cotonnier Ă  70 jours aprĂšs levĂ©e ainsi que les rendements en coton graine. Les doses de 75 et 100 kg ha-1de KCl Ă©taient statistiquement Ă©quivalentes à la dose de 50 kg ha-1 de KCl qui a induit, par rapport au tĂ©moin sans KCl, une amĂ©lioration du rendement de + 139 kg ha-1 et + 214 kg ha-1 de coton graine, respectivement Ă  KouarĂ© et Farako-bĂą. Par rapport au tĂ©moin sans KCl, les doses de potassium n'ont pas eu d'effets significatifs sur le nombre de capsules, le pourcentage de fibre, le seed index (poids de 100 graines) ainsi que les caractĂ©ristiques technologiques de la fibre. En dĂ©pit de l'utilisation de la fumure minĂ©rale vulgarisĂ©e, les bilans potassiques Ă©taient dĂ©ficitaires. Mais les apports de KCl ont permis d'attĂ©nuer ces dĂ©ficits et mĂȘme d'assurer des bilans excĂ©dentaires. L'apport de 50 kg ha-1 de KCl pourrait ĂȘtre associĂ© Ă  la fumure minĂ©rale vulgarisĂ©e sur le cotonnier pour son efficacitĂ© sur le rendement et l'amĂ©lioration du bilan potassique du sol.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clĂ©s: Sol ferrugineux, potassium, cotonnier, rendement, Burkina FasoEnglish Title:  Effects of potassium fertilization of lixisols on mineral nutrition and productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Burkina FasoEnglish AbstractTo evaluate potassium fertilization effects on the cotton yield and fiber quality characteristics, two years study was conducted on two experimental stations, located in West and East Burkina Faso. Treatments were five rates of potassium chloride (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100 kg ha-1 KCl) associated to the recommended mineral fertilizer (150 kg ha-1 of 14-18-18-6S-1B + 50 kg ha-1 urea) of cotton. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design. The cotton plant nutrition, yields and its components and fiber characteristics were evaluated. The cotton plant K nutrition at 70 days after emergence and cotton-seed yields were significantly improved by applied rates of potassium compared to the control. KCl application rates of 75 and 100 kg ha -1 were statistically equivalent to 50 kg ha -1 which gave a surplus cotton-seed production of 139 kg ha-1 and 214 kg ha-1, respectively in KouarĂ© and Farako-bĂą. Compared to the control without KCl, potassium didn’t have significant effects on bolls production, fiber yield and quality, and seed index. Despite the use of recommended mineral fertilization rate, the soil K balance was negative. Potassium application reduces the K deficits and ensures positive soil K balance. Use of KCl at 50 kg ha-1 with the recommended mineral fertilizer could be done to improve cotton yield and soil K balance.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Lixisols, potassium, cotton, yield, Burkina Fas

    Efficacy of the association of cover crops with maize and direct sowing short-term effect on crops? yields in maize-cotton cropping system in Western Burkina Faso.

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    To improve the productivity and sustainability of cotton and cereals based system, direct sow ing under mulch was tested for its efficacy on cotton and maize yields on the research station of Farako - Bñ, in Western Burkina Faso. The experimental design was a complete randomized blocks of Fisher with four replications. Conventional tillage by annual moldboard plowing (T7) was compared with direct sowing under mulch -based cropping system (DMC) using maize association with cover crop s defined as: maize without cover crop (T1), maize +Brachiaria ruziziensis(T2), maize + B. ruziziensis+ Mucuna cochinchinensis (T3), maize + B. ruziziensis+ Panicum maximum (T4), maize + B. ruziziensis + Stylosantes hamata (T5), and maize + Crotalaria juncea (T6). Cover crops were planted 21 days after maize emergence between the rows of this main crop. The biomass produced by the cover crops and maize straws were evaluated as well as maize and cotton yields, during the first 6 years of the study, from 2010 to 2015. Results showed that among cover crops, the biomass production was significantly lower with C. juncea. The associations of cover crops with maize increased significantly the production of total dry matter compared to plots without cover crops, in the conventional tillage. Association with cover crops did not influence significantly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of maize and the maize’s yields even if the depressive effects were recorded. Compared to the conventional tillage, the DMC appeared also effective on seed cotton yields even without a significant improvement during the 6 first years of the study . These promising results, confirm the feasibility in tropical conditions of DMC which must be continued to better analyze its long-term effects on soil properties

    Resilience from the ground up: how are local resilience perceptions and global frameworks aligned?

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    Numerous resilience measurement frameworks for climate programmes have emerged over the past decade to operationalise the concept and aggregate results within and between programmes. Proxies of resilience, including subjective measures using perception data, have been proposed to measure resilience, but there is limited evidence on their validity and use for policy and practice. This article draws on research on the Decentralising Climate Funds project of the Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters programme, which supports communities in Mali and Senegal to improve climate resilience through locally controlled adaptation funds. It explores attributes of resilience from this bottom‐up perspective to assess its predictors and alignment with food security, as a proxy of well‐being. We find different patterns when comparing resilience and the well‐being proxy, illustrating that the interplay between the two is still unclear. Results also point to the importance of contextualising resilience, raising implications for aggregating results

    Diagnostique visuel des carences nutritionnelles du cotonnier.

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    Cervical human papillomavirus infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions in rural Gambia, West Africa: viral sequence analysis and epidemiology

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    The development of effective strategies against cervical cancer in Africa requires accurate type specific data on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence, including determination of DNA sequences in order to maximise local vaccine efficacy. We have investigated cervical HPV infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in an unselected cohort of 1061 women in a rural Gambian community. Squamous intraepithelial lesions was diagnosed using cytology and histology, HPV was typed by PCR-ELISA of DNA extracts, which were also DNA sequenced. The prevalence of cervical HPV infection was 13% and SIL were observed in 7% of subjects. Human papillomavirus-16 was most prevalent and most strongly associated with SIL. Also common were HPV-18, -33, -58 and, notably, -35. Human papillomavirus DNA sequencing revealed HPV-16 samples to be exclusively African type 1 (Af1). Subjects of the Wolof ethnic group had a lower prevalence of HPV infection while subjects aged 25–44 years had a higher prevalence of cervical precancer than older or younger subjects. This first report of HPV prevalence in an unselected, unscreened rural population confirms high rates of SIL and HPV infection in West Africa. This study has implications for the vaccination of Gambian and other African populations in the prevention of cervical cancer
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