Cascaded wavelength conversions using four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers

Wavelength conversion in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) communication systems would provide significant network performance improvement. Optoelectronic, cross-gain saturation, and cross phase saturation wavelength converters are candidate technologies that have been well characterized, however, they are not “transparent” to either bit-rate or modulation format. Complete transparency is offered only by ultrafast wave mixing techniques-in the present case four-wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs)

Illinois: An Assessment of Access to Counsel & Quality or Representation in Delinquency Proceedings

Examines the scope and quality of legal representation of accused children in juvenile courts throughout the state and provides recommendations for strengthening the quality of defender services for children

Cross talk penalty in two-channel wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing in a strained semiconductor optical amplifier

A crucial function in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) all-optical networks is a wavelength converter. This function enhances wavelength routing options and improves network reconfigurability. Here we present a systematic study of the cross talk penalty as a function of the pump-to-signal power ratio for two 2.5-Gbit/s ASK channels separated by 1.5 nm

Wavelength conversion for WDM communication systems using four-wavemixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers

Four-wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers is an attractive mechanism for wavelength conversion in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems since it provides modulation format and bit rate transparency over wide tuning ranges. A series of systems experiments evaluating several aspects of the performance of these devices at bit rates of 2.5 and 10 Gb/s are presented. Included are single-channel conversion over 18 nm of shift at 10 Gb/s, multichannel conversion, and cascaded conversions. In addition time resolved spectral analysis of wavelength conversion is presented

Wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers

Time-resolved spectral analysis is performed on 10 Gb/s signals wavelength converted by four-wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers. A pattern-dependent chirp resulting from parasitic gain modulation by the signal is measured and characterized as a function of the converter's pump-to-probe ratio. This chirp is found to be insignificant for pump-to-probe ratios exceeding 9 dB

Cascaded wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing in a strained semiconductor optical amplifier at 10 Gb/s

We demonstrate for the first time cascaded wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier. Bit-error-rate performance of <10^-9 at 10 Gb/s is achieved for two conversions of up to 9 nm down and up in wavelength. For two wavelength conversions of 5 nm down and up, a power penalty of 1.3 dB is measured. A system of two wavelength converters spanning 40 km of single-mode fiber is also demonstrated

Wavelength conversion up to 18 nm at 10 Gb/s by four-wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier

We characterize the conversion bandwidth of a four-wave mixing semiconductor optical amplifier wavelength converter. Conversion of 10-Gb/s signals with bit-error-rate (BER) performance of <10^-9 is demonstrated for wavelength down-shifts of up to 18 nm and upshifts of up to 10 nm

Time-resolved Spectral Analysis Of Phase Conjugation By Four-wave Mixing In Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

Optical phase conjugation provides a mechanism for achieving dispersion compensation in optical fibers. This has been demonstrated by four-wave mixing (FWM) in both fiber and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). Imperfect phase conjugation will prevent exact reconstruction of a dispersed data stream. Here we use time-resolved spectral analysis (TRSA) to evaluate the performance of FWM in SOAs for phase conjugation

No-Tillage in Europe - State of the Art: Constraints and Perspectives

No-tillage in Europe contains a review of developments over the last three decades beginning in the late 1960s. Reasons for attempts to introduce this soil conserving production method are outlined and obstacles affecting the uptake of no-tillage throughout Europe are identified. Updated data are provided for the uptake of both conservation tillage and no-tillage in the member countries of the European Conservation Agriculture Federation. Further explanations for the low uptake of no-tillage and even conservation tillage when compared to other regions in the world are explored. The specificity of European conditions whether natural, human or political are used to provide arguments against the successful adoption of no-tillage in Europe. However, increased awareness of farmers, politicians and society as a whole that soils are a non-renewable resource are leading to gradual changes in the overall approach to soil conservation. The implementation of a European Soil Framework Directive is considered to be an important step towards the recognition that conservation tillage and no-tillage is both an economical and ecological sustainable method for crop production. It is anticipated that this will promote the concept of Conservation Agriculture and increase adoption levels throughout Europe