A p-Adic Model of DNA Sequence and Genetic Code

Using basic properties of p-adic numbers, we consider a simple new approach to describe main aspects of DNA sequence and genetic code. Central role in our investigation plays an ultrametric p-adic information space which basic elements are nucleotides, codons and genes. We show that a 5-adic model is appropriate for DNA sequence. This 5-adic model, combined with 2-adic distance, is also suitable for genetic code and for a more advanced employment in genomics. We find that genetic code degeneracy is related to the p-adic distance between codons.Comment: 13 pages, 2 table

R-matrices of three-state Hamiltonians solvable by Coordinate Bethe Ansatz

We review some of the strategies that can be implemented to infer an $R$-matrix from the knowledge of its Hamiltonian. We apply them to the classification achieved in arXiv:1306.6303, on three state $U(1)$-invariant Hamiltonians solvable by CBA, focusing on models for which the $S$-matrix is not trivial. For the 19-vertex solutions, we recover the $R$-matrices of the well-known Zamolodchikov--Fateev and Izergin--Korepin models. We point out that the generalized Bariev Hamiltonian is related to both main and special branches studied by Martins in arXiv:1303.4010, that we prove to generate the same Hamiltonian. The 19-vertex SpR model still resists to the analysis, although we are able to state some no-go theorems on its $R$-matrix. For 17-vertex Hamiltonians, we produce a new $R$-matrix.Comment: 22 page

W-superalgebras as truncation of super-Yangians

We show that some finite W-superalgebras based on gl(M|N) are truncation of the super-Yangian Y(gl(M|N)). In the same way, we prove that finite W-superalgebras based on osp(M|2n) are truncation of the twisted super-Yangians Y(gl(M|2n))^{+}. Using this homomorphism, we present these W-superalgebras in an R-matrix formalism, and we classify their finite-dimensional irreducible representations.Comment: Latex, 32 page

Development of a unified tensor calculus for the exceptional Lie algebras

The uniformity of the decomposition law, for a family F of Lie algebras which includes the exceptional Lie algebras, of the tensor powers ad^n of their adjoint representations ad is now well-known. This paper uses it to embark on the development of a unified tensor calculus for the exceptional Lie algebras. It deals explicitly with all the tensors that arise at the n=2 stage, obtaining a large body of systematic information about their properties and identities satisfied by them. Some results at the n=3 level are obtained, including a simple derivation of the the dimension and Casimir eigenvalue data for all the constituents of ad^3. This is vital input data for treating the set of all tensors that enter the picture at the n=3 level, following a path already known to be viable for a_1. The special way in which the Lie algebra d_4 conforms to its place in the family F alongside the exceptional Lie algebras is described.Comment: 27 pages, LaTeX 2

Duality and Representations for New Exotic Bialgebras

We find the exotic matrix bialgebras which correspond to the two non-triangular nonsingular 4x4 R-matrices in the classification of Hietarinta, namely, R_{S0,3} and R_{S1,4}. We find two new exotic bialgebras S03 and S14 which are not deformations of the of the classical algebras of functions on GL(2) or GL(1|1). With this we finalize the classification of the matrix bialgebras which unital associative algebras generated by four elements. We also find the corresponding dual bialgebras of these new exotic bialgebras and study their representation theory in detail. We also discuss in detail a special case of R_{S1,4} in which the corresponding algebra turns out to be a special case of the two-parameter quantum group deformation GL_{p,q}(2).Comment: 33 pages, LaTeX2e, using packages: cite,amsfonts,amsmath,subeqn; reference updated; v3: corrections in subsection 3.

On the Fairlie's Moyal formulation of M(atrix)- theory

Starting from the Moyal formulation of M-theory in the large N-limit, we propose to reexamine the associated membrane equations of motion in 10 dimensions formulated in terms of Poisson bracket. Among the results obtained, we rewrite the coupled first order Nahm's equations into a simple form leading in turn to their systematic relation with $SU(\infty)$ Yang Mills equations of motion. The former are interpreted as the vanishing condition of some conserved currents which we propose. We develop also an algebraic analysis in which an ansatz is considered and find an explicit form for the membrane solution of our problem. Typical solutions known in literature can also emerge as special cases of the proposed solutionComment: 16 page

Representations of the exceptional and other Lie algebras with integral eigenvalues of the Casimir operator

The uniformity, for the family of exceptional Lie algebras g, of the decompositions of the powers of their adjoint representations is well-known now for powers up to the fourth. The paper describes an extension of this uniformity for the totally antisymmetrised n-th powers up to n=9, identifying (see Tables 3 and 6) families of representations with integer eigenvalues 5,...,9 for the quadratic Casimir operator, in each case providing a formula (see eq. (11) to (15)) for the dimensions of the representations in the family as a function of D=dim g. This generalises previous results for powers j and Casimir eigenvalues j, j<=4. Many intriguing, perhaps puzzling, features of the dimension formulas are discussed and the possibility that they may be valid for a wider class of not necessarily simple Lie algebras is considered.Comment: 16 pages, LaTeX, 1 figure, 9 tables; v2: presentation improved, typos correcte

Quantum Loop Subalgebra and Eigenvectors of the Superintegrable Chiral Potts Transfer Matrices

It has been shown in earlier works that for Q=0 and L a multiple of N, the ground state sector eigenspace of the superintegrable tau_2(t_q) model is highly degenerate and is generated by a quantum loop algebra L(sl_2). Furthermore, this loop algebra can be decomposed into r=(N-1)L/N simple sl_2 algebras. For Q not equal 0, we shall show here that the corresponding eigenspace of tau_2(t_q) is still highly degenerate, but splits into two spaces, each containing 2^{r-1} independent eigenvectors. The generators for the sl_2 subalgebras, and also for the quantum loop subalgebra, are given generalizing those in the Q=0 case. However, the Serre relations for the generators of the loop subalgebra are only proven for some states, tested on small systems and conjectured otherwise. Assuming their validity we construct the eigenvectors of the Q not equal 0 ground state sectors for the transfer matrix of the superintegrable chiral Potts model.Comment: LaTeX 2E document, using iopart.cls with iopams packages. 28 pages, uses eufb10 and eurm10 fonts. Typeset twice! Version 2: Details added, improvements and minor corrections made, erratum to paper 2 included. Version 3: Small paragraph added in introductio

Strings from N=2N=2 Gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten Models

We present an algebraic approach to string theory. An embedding of $sl(2|1)$ in a super Lie algebra together with a grading on the Lie algebra determines a nilpotent subalgebra of the super Lie algebra. Chirally gauging this subalgebra in the corresponding Wess-Zumino-Witten model, breaks the affine symmetry of the Wess-Zumino-Witten model to some extension of the $N=2$ superconformal algebra. The extension is completely determined by the $sl(2|1)$ embedding. The realization of the superconformal algebra is determined by the grading. For a particular choice of grading, one obtains in this way, after twisting, the BRST structure of a string theory. We classify all embeddings of $sl(2|1)$ into Lie super algebras and give a detailed account of the branching of the adjoint representation. This provides an exhaustive classification and characterization of both all extended $N=2$ superconformal algebras and all string theories which can be obtained in this way.Comment: 50 pages, LaTe

The Morphology of N=6 Chern-Simons Theory

We tabulate various properties of the language of N=6 Chern-Simons Theory, in the sense of Polyakov. Specifically we enumerate and compute character formulas for all syllables of up to four letters, i.e. all irreducible representations of OSp(6|4) built from up to four fundamental fields of the ABJM theory. We also present all tensor product decompositions for up to four singletons and list the (cyclically invariant) four-letter words, which correspond to single-trace operators of length four. As an application of these results we use the two-loop dilatation operator to compute the leading correction to the Hagedorn temperature of the weakly-coupled planar ABJM theory on R \times S^2.Comment: 41 pages, 1 figure; v2: minor correction