Studi Kasus Energi Alternatif Briket Sampah Lingkungan Kampus POLBAN Bandung

Pasca pencabutan subsidi BBM, telah memberikan dampak kebutuhan potensi energi alternatif khususnya sektor rumah tangga. Untuk itu perlu dicari solusi dan salah satu diantaranya yaitu dengan pemanfaatan energi biomassa dari limbah sampah organik yang masih banyak belum terolah. Pemanfaatannya diharapkan akan mengurangi permasalahan sampah di berbagai lokasi. Sampah organik biomassa dapat diolah menjadi bio-arang dalam bentuk briket sampah sebagai pengganti bahan bakar rumah tangga konvensional seperti BBM dan gas LPG. Dalam makalah ini akan diuraikan hasil penelitian briket dari sampah organik sebagai suatu padatan yang dihasilkan melalui proses pemampatan dengan tekanan alat press hidrolik. Bahan baku dalam penelitian adalah sampah organik yang berasal dari lingkungan kampus POLBAN Bandung yang terdiri dari batang/ranting kayu flamboyant (Delonix Regia), daun angsana (Pterocarpus Indicus) dan bunga pinus (Pine Forest). Dalam penelitian dilakukan pengamatan parameter suhu proses karbonisasi dengan menggunakan tungku pirolisa dengan suhu 250 OC, 300 OC dan 350 OC. Pembentukan briket dilakukan dengan cara penggerusan dan pengayakan untuk ukuran butiran 40 mesh sedangkan cara pencampuran dan pembentukan digunakan alat cetak briket dengan bahan penolong untuk perekat yaitu tepung kanji. Proses pengeringan hasil cetak briket menggunakan panas sinar matahari. Pengujian untuk kualitas briket dilakukan terhadap parameter perbandingan pencampuran arang dan suhu proses karbonisasi. Hasil percobaan briket dengan kualitas baik mempunyai nilai kalor 20055,96 Joule/kg sedangkan kualitas buruk mempunyai nilai kalor 12293,19 Joule/kg. Kata kunci: sampah organik; pirolisa; briket; parameter suhu; nilai kalo

Community-based rehabilitation and disability-inclusive development: On a winding path to an uncertain destination

The majority of people with disabilities who live in developing countries, predominantly in the global South, do not receive any formal disability or rehabilitation services. In those countries or regions where at least some disability services are provided, the community-based rehabilitation (CBR) approach, or some form of it, is likely to be the only approach available (Evans et al. 2001)

The World Report on Disability and communication disability: Some considerations from an Indian context

The aim of this paper is to reflect and comment on the lead article by Wylie, McAllister, Davidson, and Marshall (2013) with reference to people with communication disability in India and illustrated by the work of one Indian non-governmental organization. Key themes and questions from Wylie et al. are identified and discussed. Suggestions for how the recommendations of the World Report on Disability might be implemented in an Indian context are made, notwithstanding the magnitude and scale of the demand for services in the context of the vast population. Nine recommendations at the meso- and micro-level are included. These emphasize three major themes: methodologies to ensure access for all those who need speech-language pathology services; enhancement of speech-language pathology training capacities to deliver holistic professional services in urban and rural settings; promotion of the involvement of advocacy groups in policy-making and, hence, facilitating people with communication needs to be more assertive about rights and entitlement

Knowledge, framing, and ethics in programme design and evaluation

This chapter will explore ethical issues surrounding the design and evaluation of public health programmes. For programme design, the chapter will argue that programme choice often occurs with solutions already in mind and that these solutions reflect “off-the-shelf” thinking (for instance, ubiquitous “training workshops”), implying little real “choice” in programme design. Further, at a broader level, programme choice is influenced by implicit ideological and epistemological positions that may be ethically dubious especially if they are not problematised and made transparent. On programme evaluation, the chapter focuses on ethical aspects of three key elements: participatory evaluation, the use of evaluation results and the place of impact evaluation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of ethics in relation to epistemology. While it may be relatively uncontroversial to note the problematic ethics of research that comes up short when benchmarked against its own research / methodological paradigm, it is worth asking to what extent the choice of research / methodological / epistemological paradigm is itself an ethical one