The Ethical Lacunae in Friedman\u27s Concept of the Manager

This article challenges along two lines Milton Friedman\u27s injunction that the sole role of the business manager is to maximize profits for shareholders using all legal and ethical means. First, it shows how Friedman overly narrows the manager\u27s moral duties to consequentialist profit maximization and thereby fails to account for a wide range of values and virtues necessary for good management. Second, it illustrates how more oblique approaches to management as well as Adam Smith\u27s virtue-based model better capture the moral imagination and relational aspects of leadership that are critical to good management today. In the end, this article suggests that a subtler version of Friedman\u27s directive should be considered in which maximizing shareholder wealth provides a powerful business goal but not an exclusive one to direct or to motivate managers

Impact of Diet and Quality Grade on Shelf Life of Beef Steaks

Steers were fed a diet containing dry rolled corn, steam flaked corn, dry rolled corn with 30% dried distillers grains, or steam flaked corn with 30% dried distillers grains. Strip loins from upper 2/3 Choice and Select- grade carcasses were obtained to evaluate the effects of diet and quality grade on shelf life characteristics. Strip loins were aged for 2, 9, 16, or 23 days. Results suggest that steaks from cattle fed steam flaked corn (with or without dried distillers grains) and from cattle fed dried distillers grains (regardless of corn type) had higher levels of many unsaturated fatty acids, more discoloration, and greater lipid oxidation compared to the dry rolled corn treatments or the no dried distillers grains treatments, respectively. Feeding of dry rolled corn or diets without dried distillers grains maintained red color better during retail display. Choice- grade steaks had significantly higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids like 18:2 and total polyunsaturated fatty acids than Select- grade steaks but did not diff er in color stability or oxidation. These data indicate the longest shelf life will occur when cattle are fed diets containing dry rolled corn (versus steam flaked corn) or without dried distillers grains (versus with dried distillers grains) and that both steam flaked corn and distillers grains have a negative impact on shelf life. Quality grade did not affect color stability

Tenderness, Sensory, and Color Attributes of Two Muscles from the M. quadriceps femoris when Fabricated Using a Modified Hot-Boning Technique

The M. quadriceps femoris from USDA Choice (n = 12) and USDA Select (n = 12) carcasses were fabricated traditionally (COLD) or innovatively (HOT), in which the seams it shares with the top round and bottom round were separated prerigor to evaluate positional and locational effects on Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), sensory attributes, and objective color. At slaughter, paired USDA Choice and USDA Select carcasses were alternately assigned either the HOT or COLD treatment. At 48 h postslaughter, subprimals were removed, vacuum-packaged, and aged for an additional 5 d. After aging, the M. quadriceps femoris was cut into 2.54-cm-thick steaks and allowed to bloom 1 h. For the M. rectus femoris (REC) and M. vastus lateralis (VAL), L* values significantly (P \u3c 0.050) decreased when moving from the proximal to distal position within the muscle. Similarly, a* and b* values decreased in the VAL when moving from the proximal to the distal aspect. After color measurement, steaks were vacuum-packaged and frozen (−26°C) until shear and sensory data were collected. Significant position (proximal to distal) and location effects (cranial to caudal) were noted for both muscles. However, treatment did not affect WBSF of the VAL. Although intramuscular variation existed, WBSF and sensory panel tenderness ratings were acceptable for the REC. Although WBSF values were greater and tenderness ratings were less than the REC, the VAL were not extremely tough and therefore could be used in enhancement applications

Muscle Protein Turnover and Tenderness in Broiler Chickens Fed Cimaterol

To investigate the impact of cimaterol (CIM) on muscle protein turnover, carcass and muscle composition, muscle cathepsin B+L activity and meat tenderness, 21-d-old broiler chickens (n = 88) were assigned to dietary treatments of either 0 or 1 ppm CIM. Fractional synthesis rates (FSR), fractional accretion rates (FAR), proximate composition and collagen content were determined in the breast muscle (BM; pectoralis major) and a group of leg muscles (LM; gastrocnemius and peroneous longus) from groups of six birds per treatment within each of two time periods (age = 38 or 56 d). Whole body composition,\u27 serum hydroxyproline content and BM cathepsin B+L activity also were measured. Fractional degradation rates (FDR) were calculated as the difference between FSR and FAR. Feeding CIM increased (P \u3c .01) whole body protein content. Weights of LM and percentage of body weight as BM and LM were increased (P \u3c .05) when CIM was included in the diet. Although FSR was)lot significantly reduced by CIM feeding, it decreased (P \u3c .05) with increasing age. Due to decreases in FAR, FDR thereby was reduced by CIM 31.5% and 11.9% in BM and 38.2% and 37.4% in LM at 38 d and 56 d of age, respectively. Cathepsin B+L activities also were reduced 33.6% (P \u3c .01) and shear forces were increased by 41% (P c .05) by CIM feeding. For chickens fed CIM, the correlation between cathepsin B+L activity and shear force was -.63 (P \u3c .01). Feeding CIM improved carcass leanness and muscling due to reductions in FDR and proteolytic enzyme activity. Feeding CIM also reduced meat tendernes

Muscle Protein Turnover and Tenderness in Broiler Chickens Fed Cimaterol

To investigate the impact of cimaterol (CIM) on muscle protein turnover, carcass and muscle composition, muscle cathepsin B+L activity and meat tenderness, 21-d-old broiler chickens (n = 88) were assigned to dietary treatments of either 0 or 1 ppm CIM. Fractional synthesis rates (FSR), fractional accretion rates (FAR), proximate composition and collagen content were determined in the breast muscle (BM; pectoralis major) and a group of leg muscles (LM; gastrocnemius and peroneous longus) from groups of six birds per treatment within each of two time periods (age = 38 or 56 d). Whole body composition,\u27 serum hydroxyproline content and BM cathepsin B+L activity also were measured. Fractional degradation rates (FDR) were calculated as the difference between FSR and FAR. Feeding CIM increased (P \u3c .01) whole body protein content. Weights of LM and percentage of body weight as BM and LM were increased (P \u3c .05) when CIM was included in the diet. Although FSR was)lot significantly reduced by CIM feeding, it decreased (P \u3c .05) with increasing age. Due to decreases in FAR, FDR thereby was reduced by CIM 31.5% and 11.9% in BM and 38.2% and 37.4% in LM at 38 d and 56 d of age, respectively. Cathepsin B+L activities also were reduced 33.6% (P \u3c .01) and shear forces were increased by 41% (P c .05) by CIM feeding. For chickens fed CIM, the correlation between cathepsin B+L activity and shear force was -.63 (P \u3c .01). Feeding CIM improved carcass leanness and muscling due to reductions in FDR and proteolytic enzyme activity. Feeding CIM also reduced meat tendernes

A TRACER STUDY OF THE TRANSPORT OF CHROMIUM IN FLUORIDE FUEL SYSTEMS

An experimental study was made of the mass transport of chromium in poly- thermal Inconel-fluoride fuel systems. The transport of chromium was followed by toe technique of adding radioactive Cr/sup 51/ to the system as either CrF/sub 2/ , in the salt or as elemental chromium in the solid phase. The rates of diffusion of chromium in Inconel at 600, 700, 800, and 900 deg C were determined by an electropolishing technique. Polythermal studies were carried out by three methods, tilting capsules, thermal-convection loops, and pumping loops. Tilting- capsule experiments indicated that the preferred location for chromium deposition on the wall was in the region of maximum temperature but the conclusions were not clear cut. Thermal convection loops operated for 125 and 288 hr showed radioactivity profile which could be attributed to simple exchange, with some distortion in the 288 hr case. The duration of these experiments was evidently insufficient io allow equilibrium to be reached in the salt. A thermal- convection loop operated for 400 hr showed distortion in the exchange radioactivity profile which indicated a favorable position for chromium deposition at a point about 100 deg F below the maximum wall temperature, and on the upstream side of the flow. A pumping loop of Inconel and salt mix gave an activity profile which was very similar to that of the 400-hr thermalconvection loop, indicating a favorable deposition point 100 deg F below maximuim temperature on the upstream side. One hypothesis advanced is that the long-term corrosion rate of chromium in the Inconel-salt system is controlled by the rate of diffusion of chromium into the wall at a temperature about 100 deg F below the maximum temperature on the upstream side. (auth

Patterns of Life: Integrating Mathematics with Science, Culture, and Art

We offered undergraduate students an interdisciplinary course Patterns of Life that develops mathematical reasoning strategies to solve complex problems. In its most essential form, mathematics is the study of patterns; and mathematical (patterned) reasoning is the ability to think with a plan and a purpose. Students personally experience and use patterns of reasoning in diverse disciplines, and then work in groups to form a valid strategy for solving a selected problem. Patterns of Life is designed as guided, on-site, active-learning experiences, in cooperation with local scientific, cultural and fine arts communities. Course goals for students include: (1) to increase mathematical understanding, find mathematical thinking more relevant to their own programs and build mathematical perspectives and strategies to become more confident problem-solvers, and (2) to develop a life-long ability to reason more effectively on a wider variety of problems, including those that may be unfamiliar or seem to have no answer. The following four activities were an integral part of Patterns of Life: (1) biologists at the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory engaged students in the study of the raptor population crossing the Golden Gate section of the Western Flyway; (2) National Park Service scientists, students and instructors studied ecological, environmental and cultural patterns in Yosemite National Park; (3) students studied structure and vitality of traditional human cultures through their use of mathematical patterns: model and map-making, navigation, time, recording devices, networks, linear programming, probability, geometric growth rates, binary codes, fair division and appointment, measurement and systems of influence and power; and (4) with members of the San Francisco Bay Area Fine Arts Community, students discovered patterns in artistic expression, including symmetry, balance, scale, repetition of motif, and geometry in visual arts and architecture

Analysis of U.S. Federal Funding Agency Data Sharing Policies

Federal funding agencies in the United States (U.S.) continue to work towards implementing their plans to increase public access to funded research and comply with the 2013 Office of Science and Technology memo Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research. In this article we report on an analysis of research data sharing policy documents from 17 U.S. federal funding agencies as of February 2021. Our analysis is guided by two questions: 1.) What do the findings suggest about the current state of and trends in U.S. federal funding agency data sharing requirements? 2.) In what ways are universities, institutions, associations, and researchers affected by and responding to these policies? Over the past five years, policy updates were common among these agencies and several themes have been thoroughly developed in that time; however, uncertainty remains around how funded researchers are expected to satisfy these policy requirements