Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kemandirian Daerah Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni Tahun 2010-2015

Economic development is an attempt to support one of national priorities, namely accelerate economic recovery and strengthen the sustainable economic development system based on the people\u27s system. These priorities determination base on issue and facing challenges and the policy in economic development in short term and medium term as well (Propenas 2012-2014). This study attempts to analyze the fiscal dependency level of Teluk Bintuni regency with the central government viewed from local fiscal decentralization degrees. Second, to analyze the influence of vehicle taxes on local revenue, which is regional potency to develop local fiscal independency. This research uses secondary data (time series) from year 2010 to 2014. This data analyzed in linear regression. Based on the calculation the transfer variable (x1) shows calculated t of 3,659; the number of vehicles wheels 4 or more (x2) shows calculated t of 3,595; the number of vehicles wheels 2 (x3) shows calculated t of 4,140; and regional investment (x4) shows calculated t of 4,595; with the significance level smaller than 0,05 so it can be concluded that the variables partially free and significant impact on the local revenue Teluk Bintuni regency. The f value of 23,468 (23,468 > 9,12) with the significance of 0,000 ( 0,000 < 0,05 ) that can be concluded that four independent variables which are the transfer, the number of vehicles wheels 4 or more, the number of vehicles wheels 2, and investment, together affecting the local revenue of Teluk Bintuni regency. Local revenue Teluk Bintuni regency can be explained by variation of the four independent variables: the transfer, the number of vehicles wheels 4 or more, the number of vehicles wheels 2, and local investment of 96,9 percent. Keyword: regional independency, tax, retribution, gross domestic regional produc

Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Coir and Angustifolia Haw Agave Fibers Reinforced Hybrid Polyester Composite

This article presents the mechanical properties (including tensile and flexural stength) and water absorption of coir/ angustifolia Haw Agave fibers hybrid composite. Prior to fabrication of composite, these fibers were soaked in 5%w/v NaOH solution during 24 hours. Coir fibers were manually twisted and formed like mat and agave fibers were composed with one direction and then also formed mat. Unsaturated polyester was used as matrix in hybrid composite.  Fabrication of hybrid composites used hand lay-up technique with compression molding. The variation of volume fraction of coir and agave fibers in hybrid composite are 5:25, 10:20 and 15:15 respectively. Tensile and flexural strength as well as water absorption of hybrid composite were investigated in this paper.  Fracture tensile was examined by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) to determine fracture mode. Results showed that by combination of coir and agave fibers as reinforcement of hybrid composite, higher content of agave fiber in the hybrid composite is higher tensile and flexural strength. Meanwhile, the higher content of agave in hybrid composite, the water absorption also increased. SEM examination shows that the hybrid composite tend to undergo fiber pull out and matrix defect

Evaluation of the catheter positioning for neurally adjusted ventilatory assist

During neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) the ventilator is driven by the patients electrical activation of the diaphragm (EAdi), detected by a special esophageal catheter. A reliable positioning of the EAdi-catheter is mandatory to trace a representative EAdi signal. We aimed to determine whether a formula that is based on the measurement from nose to ear lobe to xiphoid process of the sternum (NEX distance) modified for EAdi-catheter placement (NEX(mod)) is sufficient for predicting the accurate catheter position. Twenty-six patients were enrolled in this study. The optimal EAdi-catheter position (OPT) was defined by: (1) stable EAdi signal, (2) electrical activity highlighted in central leads of the catheter positioning tool, and (3) absence of p-wave in distal lead. Afterwards NEX(mod) was calculated and compared to the OPT finding. At NEX(mod) the EAdi signal was suitable for running NAVA in 18 out of 25 patients (72%). NEX(mod) was identical with OPT in four patients (16%). NAVA was possible in all patients at OPT. Median OPT position was 2 cm caudal of the NEX(mod) ranging from 3 cm too cranial to a position 12 cm too caudal (P < 0.01). In one patient excluded from further analysis EAdi-catheter placement led to the diagnosis of bilateral injury of the phrenic nerves. EAdi-catheter placement based on the NEX(mod) formula allows running NAVA in about two-thirds of all patients. The additional tools provided are efficient and facilitate the correct positioning of the EAdi-catheter for neurally adjusted ventilatory assist

Complex exon-intron marking by histone modifications is not determined solely by nucleosome distribution

It has recently been shown that nucleosome distribution, histone modifications and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) occupancy show preferential association with exons (“exon-intron marking”), linking chromatin structure and function to co-transcriptional splicing in a variety of eukaryotes. Previous ChIP-sequencing studies suggested that these marking patterns reflect the nucleosomal landscape. By analyzing ChIP-chip datasets across the human genome in three cell types, we have found that this marking system is far more complex than previously observed. We show here that a range of histone modifications and Pol II are preferentially associated with exons. However, there is noticeable cell-type specificity in the degree of exon marking by histone modifications and, surprisingly, this is also reflected in some histone modifications patterns showing biases towards introns. Exon-intron marking is laid down in the absence of transcription on silent genes, with some marking biases changing or becoming reversed for genes expressed at different levels. Furthermore, the relationship of this marking system with splicing is not simple, with only some histone modifications reflecting exon usage/inclusion, while others mirror patterns of exon exclusion. By examining nucleosomal distributions in all three cell types, we demonstrate that these histone modification patterns cannot solely be accounted for by differences in nucleosome levels between exons and introns. In addition, because of inherent differences between ChIP-chip array and ChIP-sequencing approaches, these platforms report different nucleosome distribution patterns across the human genome. Our findings confound existing views and point to active cellular mechanisms which dynamically regulate histone modification levels and account for exon-intron marking. We believe that these histone modification patterns provide links between chromatin accessibility, Pol II movement and co-transcriptional splicing

The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection

Background: Previous evidence-based guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection (IAI) were published by the Surgical Infection Society (SIS) in 1992, 2002, and 2010. At the time the most recent guideline was released, the plan was to update the guideline every five years to ensure the timeliness and appropriateness of the recommendations. Methods: Based on the previous guidelines, the task force outlined a number of topics related to the treatment of patients with IAI and then developed key questions on these various topics. All questions were approached using general and specific literature searches, focusing on articles and other information published since 2008. These publications and additional materials published before 2008 were reviewed by the task force as a whole or by individual subgroups as to relevance to individual questions. Recommendations were developed by a process of iterative consensus, with all task force members voting to accept or reject each recommendation. Grading was based on the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system; the quality of the evidence was graded as high, moderate, or weak, and the strength of the recommendation was graded as strong or weak. Review of the document was performed by members of the SIS who were not on the task force. After responses were made to all critiques, the document was approved as an official guideline of the SIS by the Executive Council. Results: This guideline summarizes the current recommendations developed by the task force on the treatment of patients who have IAI. Evidence-based recommendations have been made regarding risk assessment in individual patients; source control; the timing, selection, and duration of antimicrobial therapy; and suggested approaches to patients who fail initial therapy. Additional recommendations related to the treatment of pediatric patients with IAI have been included. Summary: The current recommendations of the SIS regarding the treatment of patients with IAI are provided in this guideline

MEN I pancreas: A histological and immunohistochemical study

The spectrum and extent of islet cell histopathological findings in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I (MEN I) syndrome has never been clearly defined. Although some patients have discreet tumors causing clinically evident syndromes, others may have no symptoms until metastatic islet cell carcinoma is apparent. Whether diffuse islet cell disease occurs in all patients with grossly apparent tumors is not known. This study is an attempt to define both the functional and anatomical extent of islet cell disease and its relationship with the clinical course of patients with MEN I syndrome. The resected specimens of pancreas from 14 patients with MEN I syndrome were evaluated for hyperplasia, nesidioblastosis, multiple tumors, and evidence of malignancy. In 12 cases, specimens consisted of distal pancreas and, in 2 cases, the entire pancreas was available. Multiple sections were taken from each specimen. Immunoperoxidase staining was done for gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, serotonin, VIP, somatostatin, and neuron-specific enolase in sections of 24 tumors from 10 patients. Five of the 10 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome underwent total gastrectomy and 3 others underwent only pancreatic procedures to control their acid hypersecretion. The following is concluded. All MEN I patients with pancreatic neoplasms have diffuse islet cell involvement consisting of nesidioblastosis, micro- and macronodular hyperplasia. Some tumors produce multiple hormones and these patients are at risk to develop new tumors, but complete excision of grossly apparent tumors may result in long-term control of the endocrinopathy present. This is particularly true for patients with insulinoma and hypoglycemia. Selected patients with gastrinoma may also be considered for excision of their islet cell tumor(s) without concomitant gastrectomy, especially if transhepatic venous sampling demonstrates a single site of excess gastrin production. However, if transhepatic venous sampling demonstrates diffuse sources of hypergastrinemia, a local pancreatic procedure will invariably be unsuccessful. Total pancreatectomy in MEN I patients with disease localized to the pancreas is the only curative surgical procedure but is rarely indicated. L'histopathologie des cellules insulaires pancréatiques des malades qui présentent un syndrome MEN I n'a jamais été parfaitement définie. Si certains parmi eux sont porteurs de petites tumeurs qui se manifestent par des syndromes cliniques patents, d'autres n'accusent aucun symptôme avant que des métastases néoplasiques ne se manifestent. En particulier, on ne sait pas si les altérations des cellules insulaires sont diffuses quand les malades présentent des tumeurs évidentes. Cette étude a pour but de définir à la fois l'importance anatomique et l'importance fonctionnelle de la maladie insulaire par rapport à son expression clinique chez les sujets concernés par ce syndrome. Pour ce faire, des spécimens provenant de 14 malades atteints du syndrome MEN I ont été étudiés eu égard à l'hyperplasie, à la nésidioblastose, à la multiplicité des îlots tumoraux, à la malignité. Dans 12 cas, les spécimens répondaient au pancréas distal, dans 2 cas à la totalité du pancréas. De multiples coupes furent pratiquées au niveau de chaque pièce soumise à l'examen. L'imprégnation à l'immunoperoxidase concerna les coupes de 24 tumeurs provenant de 10 patients. Cinq des 10 malades qui présentaient un syndrome de Zollinger-Ellison avaient subi une gastrectomie totale et 3 une intervention pancréatique pour contrôler leur hypersécrétion acide. Les conclusions tirées de cette étude furent les suivantes: tous les malades accusant un syndrome MEN I et porteurs d'un néopolasme pancréatique présentaient des lésions insulaires diffuses répondant à une nésidioblastose, à une hyperplasie micronodulaire et macronodulaire. Quelques tumeurs produisaient de multiples hormones: gastrine, polypeptide pancréatique, glucagon, sérotonine, V.I.P., somatostatine, testées par la méthode. Il résulte de ces constatations que les risques de récidive tumorale après exérèse complète des tumeurs évidentes ne sont pas à écarter, encore que l'exérèse permette de contrôler longtemps l'endocrinopathie. Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour les insulinomes hypoglycémiants. En ce qui concerne les gastrinomes, leur exérèse peut être suffisante, en particulier lorsque les prélèvements veineux étagés montrent qu'ils sont uniques; la gastrectomie concomitante est alors inutile. En revanche, lorsque la gastrine est trouvée en excès au niveau de multiples échantillons veineux, l'exérèse tumorale est insuffisante et la pancréatectomie totale représente l'intervention indispensable; en fait, son indication est rare. La variedad del espectro de la histopatología de las células insulares en pacientes con sindrome de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples tipo I (NEM I) todavía no ha sido claramente definido. Aún cuando algunos pacientes poseen tumores discretos que causan síndromes clínicamente evidentes, otros pueden no exhibir sintomatología alguna hasta cuando se hace evidente un carcinoma metastásico de células insulares. No se sabe si hay enfermedad difusa de las células insulares en todo paciente con tumores macroscópicamente aparentes, ni además se conoce con qué frecuencia se desarrollan nuevos tumores en pacientes con síndrome NEM I después de resección local o de pancreatectomía parcial para tumores primarios de células insulares. El presente estudio intenta definir la extensión funcional y anatómica de la enfermedad de las células insulares y su relación con la evolución clínica en pacientes con el síndrome NEM I.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41313/1/268_2005_Article_BF01654938.pd

An introduction to the Philosophy of Information

This book serves as the main reference for an undergraduate course on Philosophy of Information. The book is written to be accessible to the typical undergraduate student of Philosophy and does not require propaedeutic courses in Logic, Epistemology or Ethics. Each chapter includes a rich collection of references for the student interested in furthering her understanding of the topics reviewed in the book. The book covers all the main topics of the Philosophy of Information and it should be considered an overview and not a comprehensive, in-depth analysis of a philosophical area. As a consequence, 'The Philosophy of Information: a Simple Introduction' does not contain research material as it is not aimed at graduate students or researchers