Taxpayer Standing and \u3cem\u3eDaimlerChrysler v. Cuno:\u3c/em\u3e Where Do We Go From Here?

In granting certiorari in the case of Daimler-Chrysler Corp. v. Cuno, the Supreme Court asked the parties to brief whether respondents have standing to challenge Ohio\u27s investment tax credit. This report applies modern standing doctrine to the Cuno case and concludes that the Cuno plaintiffs do no have standing to raise their claims in federal court. Moreover, the authors write, allowing the Cuno plaintiffs\u27 case to be resolved in federal court would open the federal court system to a wide range of taxpayer challenges better left to the political branches of government. Nevertheless, they recognize that there may be other litigants that would have standing to challenge Ohio\u27s investment tax credit in federal court

Notochord grafts do not suppress formation of neural crest cells or commissural neurons

Grafting experiments previously have established that the notochord affects dorsoventral polarity of the neural tube by inducing the formation of ventral structures such as motor neurons and the floor plate. Here, we examine if the notochord inhibits formation of dorsal structures by grafting a notochord within or adjacent to the dorsal neural tube prior to or shortly after tube closure. In all cases, neural crest cells emigrated from the neural tube adjacent to the ectopic notochord. When analyzed at stages after ganglion formation, the dorsal root ganglia appeared reduced in size and shifted in position in embryos receiving grafts. Another dorsal cell type, commissural neurons, identified by CRABP and neurofilament immunoreactivity, differentiated in the vicinity of the ectopic notochord. Numerous neuronal cell bodies and axonal processes were observed within the induced, but not endogenous, floor plate 1 to 2 days after implantation but appeared to be cleared with time. These results suggest that dorsally implanted notochords cannot prevent the formation of neural crest cells or commissural neurons, but can alter the size and position of neural crest-derived dorsal root ganglia

The Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Missouri

The stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) fauna of Missouri was last treated more than 70 years ago. Since then, many more specimens have become available for study, substantial papers on regional faunas have been published, and many revisions and other taxonomic changes have taken place. As a consequence, 40% of the names from the previous Missouri state list have changed or the taxa have been removed. The fauna of stink bugs known from Missouri based on specimens from museums, other collections, and the literature is presented. Included for each species is a general overview of biological and ecological information, overall distribution, and local distribution among Missouri Natural Divisions. Also presented for Missouri specimens are biological label data and extreme dates of adult collection. All totaled, 57 species are now known from the state, eight of which represent new state records: Asopinae: Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas), Tylospilus acutissimus (Stål); Pentatominae: Banasa calva (Say), Banasa euchlora Stål, Cosmopepla intergressa (Uhler), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), Neottiglossa undata (Say); Podopinae: Amaurochrous brevitylus Barber and Sailer

Cranial and trunk neural crest cells use different mechanisms for attachment to extracellular matrices

We have used a quantitative cell attachment assay to compare the interactions of cranial and trunk neural crest cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules fibronectin, laminin and collagen types I and IV. Antibodies to the β_1 subunit of integrin inhibited attachment under all conditions tested, suggesting that integrins mediate neural crest cell interactions with these ECM molecules. The HNK-1 antibody against a surface carbohydrate epitope under certain conditions inhibited both cranial and trunk neural crest cell attachment to laminin, but not to fibronectin. An antiserum to α_1 intergrin inhibited attachment of trunk, but not cranial, neural crest cells to laminin and collagen type I, though interactions with fibronectin or collagen type IV were unaffected. The surface properties of trunk and cranial neural crest cells differed in several ways. First, trunk neural crest cells attached to collagen types I and IV, but cranial neural crest cells did not. Second, their divalent cation requirements for attachment to ECM molecules differed. For fibronectin substrata, trunk neural crest cells required divalent cations for attachment, whereas cranial neural crest cells bound in the absence of divalent cations. However, cranial neural crest cells lost this cation-independent attachment after a few days of culture. For laminin substrata, trunk cells used two integrins, one divalent cation-dependent and the other divalent cation-independent (Lallier, T. E. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1991) Development 113, 1069–1081). In contrast, cranial neural crest cells attached to laminin using a single, divalent cation-dependent receptor system. Immunoprecipitations and immunoblots of surface labelled neural crest cells with HNK-1, α_1 integrin and β_1 integrin antibodies suggest that cranial and trunk neural crest cells possess biochemically distinct integrins. Our results demonstrate that cranial and trunk cells differ in their mechanisms of adhesion to selected ECM components, suggesting that they are non-overlapping populations of cells with regard to their adhesive properties

The Price Responsiveness of Salmon Supply in the Short and Long Run

Productivity growth and competitiveness indicate that salmon supply is price responsive. However, in the short run supply is likely to be constrained by the biological production process, regulations, and capacity constraints. In this article, we estimate a restricted profit function for Norwegian salmon producers, which allows us to examine the industry’s short-run and long-run supply responsiveness separately. Using data spanning 1985 to 2004, we find that there is close to zero, own-price supply responsiveness in the short run. In the long run, this changes substantially as supply becomes elastic. This result can contribute to explaining the observed cyclical profitability in the salmon farming industry.Restricted profit function, supply, salmon farming, profit cycles, Demand and Price Analysis, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, D24, Q21, Q22,

Maternal employment and overweight children

This paper seeks to determine whether a causal relationship exists between maternal employment and childhood overweight. We use matched mother/child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and employ econometric techniques to control for observable and unobservable differences across individuals and families that may influence both children's weight and their mothers' work patterns. Our results indicate that a child is more likely to be overweight if his/her mother worked more hours per week over the child's life. Analyses by subgroups show that it is higher socioeconomic status mothers whose work intensity is particularly deleterious for their children's overweight status.Employment (Economic theory) ; Overweight children

Mental disorder labelling as an extralegal variable in mock jury deliberations

Previous research has shown that a number of characteristics of trial participants (extralegal variables) can and do influence juror’s judgements. This is of importance as only the legally relevant facts of the case should be considered during a trial. The present study investigates the influence of victim characteristics on the juror decision making process during deliberation and the judgements made about the victim, crime and defendant in a mock jury setting, as well as investigating mock juror gender differences. A representative sample of people eligible for jury duty in Western Australia viewed a video vignette depicting a trial, in which the mental disorder label (no label, schizophrenia, depression, intellectual disability) was varied. Deliberations were videotaped and subject to an analysis in conjunction with pre and post test questionnaire measuring victim characteristics. A 4x2x2 repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyse the data, in addition to the analysis of the deliberations. The qualitative findings suggest that mock jurors invested relatively much time in some mental disorder labels may function as extralegal variables. This inference is supported by the quantitative findings in this study. The mental disorder label assigned to the victim had an impact on mock jurors’ perception of the likeability, reliability and honesty of the victim, the responsibility for the crime and the guilt of the defendant, often interacting with mock juror gender and deliberation. However, no clear pattern of bias against or in favour of any specific victim could be discerned. There was slightly more evidence of a negative bias than a positive bias towards the no label and schizophrenia victims, while the opposite was true for the depression and intellectual disability victims

Amusement park crisis management and its effect on the crisis news life cycle

The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate whether effective amusement park crisis management can shorten the crisis news life cycle. Twenty-two in-depth interviews with seasoned media, amusement park public relations practitioners, and park PR practitioners who formerly worked in media were conducted and analyzed through content analysis. Coverage of an amusement ride incident was analyzed through content analysis to support interview findings. Numerous strategies are identified to build a foundation for effective crisis management, and to shorten the duration of crisis news coverage. Differences in managing print media versus television media are discussed. The thesis identifies amusement park incident criteria that either indicate one-day crisis coverage, or high volume and frequency of coverage and the likelihood of continuing crisis coverage. The identified strategies and crisis criteria can help amusement park public relations practitioners manage crises and shorten the news life cycle

Maternal Employment and Overweight Children

This paper investigates whether children are more or less likely to be overweight if their mothers work. The prevalence of both overweight children and working mothers has risen dramatically over the past few decades, although these parallel trends may be coincidental. The goal of this paper is to help determine whether a causal relationship exists between maternal employment and childhood overweight. To accomplish this, we mainly utilize matched mother/child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and employ three main econometric techniques, probit models, sibling difference models, and instrumental variables models in this analysis. Our results indicate that a child is more likely to be overweight if his/her mother worked more intensively (in the form of greater hours per week) over the child's life. This effect is particularly evident for children of white mothers, of mothers with more education, and of mothers with a high income level. Applying our estimates to the trend towards greater maternal employment indicates that the increased hours worked per week among mothers between 1975 and 1999 led to about a 0.4 to 0.7 percentage point increase in overweight children, which represents a relatively small share of the overall increase.