The fate of an oil spill in São Sebastião channel: a case study

A ruptura de um oleoduto em maio de 1994 introduziu 2.700 tons de óleo cru no Canal de São Sebastião, contaminando algumas áreas. Na ocasião um monitoramento de hidrocarbonetos em sedimentos estava sendo realizado na região, utilizando o método de cromatografia em fase gasosa/ detecção por ionização de chama. Os dados obtidos nesse monitoramento foram comparados aos resultados das amostras coletadas logo após o acidente, com o objetivo de verificar a extensão da contaminação por óleo e os lugares mais atingidos. Os dados prévios mostraram duas fontes de introdução de hidrocarbonetos: biogênica, com predomínio de plantas superiores, e antrópica, causada por atividades náuticas e esgotos. Os dados posteriores mostraram que a estação de coleta mais próxima ao oleoduto foi a mais atingida. Na sequencia, as duas estações localizadas na entrada norte do canal apresentaram as maiores concentrações de n-alcanos, sugerindo que as correntes NE, impulsionadas pelo vento, transportaram o óleo no sentido norte do canal. Sete meses depois uma destas estações, aquela situada em local de alta energia, mostrou sinais de recuperação, o que, contudo, não foi observado na outra, considerada de ambiente deposicional. Em conclusão, pode-se afirmar que análises de hidrocarbonetos são ferramentas poderosas para avaliar o destino de um óleo e que a parte norte do Canal de São Sebastião tem maior probabilidade de ser afetada na ocasião de um derrame de óleo.An oil pipeline ruptured in May 1994 and 2 700 tons of crude oil leaked into the São Sebastião Channel, affecting several neighboring areas. A program for the monitoring of hydrocarbons in sediments, using the gas chromatography / flame ionization detector methodology, was being undertaken in the area at the time. The data obtained were compared to those of samples collected after the accident to determine the fate of the oil spilled and ascertain its contribution to the environment. The earlier results showed that hydrocarbons were introduced from two different sources: biogenic, mainly from terrestrial plants, and anthropogenic, as oil, in sewage and from shipping. The later data indicated that the site closest to the pipeline rupture had been the most affected. Following that, two stations located at the north entrance of the channel presented the highest n-alkane concentrations, suggesting that the northeasterly wind-driven currents had carried the oil northward. Seven months later, one of these stations, a high-energy site, showed some signs of recovery, but this process was not observed at the other, which seemed to be a low-energy site. In conclusion, the data showed that the aliphatic hydrocarbon analyses were powerful tools for the assessment of the fate of the oil spill and that the northern part of the São Sebastião Channel is more subject to the effects of oil spills

Assessing legacy contaminants in sediments from marine protected areas of the central coast of São Paulo (Brazil)

The presence of legacy contaminants in sediments from three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of the coast of São Paulo State was evaluated. Four sampling surveys were conducted between 2013 and 2015 in 10 sites, distributed along the Laje de Santos Marine and Xixova-Japui State Parks (PEMLS and XJSP, respectively) and Central Coast Marine Protection Area (APAMLC). Samples were analyzed for sediment texture, total organic carbon, CaCO3, metals (Al, Fe, Hg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn), aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (AH and PAH). Sediments were generally sandy (excepting muddy samples from APAMLC), with variable amounts of TOC, OM and CaCO3. Most of the sediments exhibited low to moderate concentrations of metals, except APAMLC. Low contamination of sediments by hydrocarbons was found but samples from XLSP and APAMLC exhibited the highest concentrations of biogenic AH and PAH from pyrogenic sources. In APAMLC and PEMLS, the levels of metals can be considered as background levels according to geochemical indices (Igeo and EF). In XJSP and especially in APAMLC data indicated poor sediment quality, probably due to the effect of anthropic activities.A contaminação dos sedimentos superficiais foi avaliada neste estudo em amostras de áreas marinhas protegidas (AMP) da costa central de São Paulo. Quatro campanhas de amostragem foram feitas entre 2013 e 2015 em 10 sítios localizados nos Parques Estaduais Marinho da Laje de Santos e Xixová-Japuí (PEMLS e PEXJ, respectivamente), e Área de Proteção Ambiental Litoral Centro (APAMLC). As amostras foram analisadas quanto granulometria, carbono orgânico total, CaCO3, metais (Al, Fe, Hg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) e hidrocarbonetos alifáticos(AHs) e policíclicos aromáticos (PAHs). Em geral os sedimentos foram arenosos (exceto aqueles de APAMLC, que foram lamosos) e com quantidades variáveis de COT, MO e CaCO3. A maioria das amostras apresentaram baixas concentrações de metais de acordo com índices geoquímicos (Igeo e fatores de enriquecimento - FE). Baixa contaminação por hidrocarbonetos foi encontrada e em APAMLC os sedimentos apresentaram as maiores concentrações de AHs de origem biogênica e PAHs de pirogênicos. Nos sedimentos de APAMLC e PEMLS, os níveis de metais podem ser considerados como valores de referência. Já em PEXJ, os dados indicaram baixa qualidade de sedimentos, possivelmente devido às fontes antrópicas

Bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Santos Bay (Brazil) and its adjacent continental shelf

This study evaluated the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Santos Bay (SB) and theadjacent Santos Continental Shelf (SCS) in Brazil. Biliary metabolites were measured in several fish species toestablish a baseline for future monitoring programs. Bile samples from different species of fish were collected monthlyfrom July to December 2005 in SB, and in August 2005 and February 2006 on SCS. Metabolite concentrationswere determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detectors. Naphthalene,phenanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene metabolite concentrations ranged from 24 to 810 µg g-1 of bile, 1.8 to 68 µg g-1of bile, and below the limit of quantitation to 1.3 µg g-1 of bile, respectively. Despite its high concentrations, the levelsof naphthalene metabolites were in regions of low-contamination, while benzo[a]pyrene metabolite were in thesame range as those reported in moderately contaminated areas, which may indicate pyrolytic contaminationby PAHs. No significant differences in the metabolite concentrations were found between the SB and the SCSsamples or during the periods of collection. Future studies with a single biomonitoring species should be conducted,considering age, sex, and feeding condition of the individuals. The metabolite data presented in this study is animportant baseline information for this urbanized region, which hosts several sources of contaminants

Control of oceanic circulation on sediment distribution in the southwestern Atlantic margin (23 to 55º S)

In this study, we interpret the role played by ocean circulation in sediment distribution on the southwestern Atlantic margin using radiogenic Nd and Pb isotopes. The latitudinal trends for Pb and Nd isotopes reflect the different current systems acting on the margin. The utilization of the sediment fingerprinting method allowed us to associate the isotopic signatures with the main oceanographic features in the area. We recognized differences between Nd and Pb sources to the Argentinean shelf (carried by the flow of Subantarctic Shelf Water) and slopes (transported by deeper flows). Sediments from Antarctica extend up to the Uruguayan margin, carried by the Upper and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water. Our data confirm that, for shelf and intermediate areas (the upper 1200 m), the transfer of sediments from the Argentinean margin to the north of 35∘ S is limited by the Subtropical Shelf Front and the basin-wide recirculated Antarctic Intermediate Water. On the southern Brazilian inner and middle shelf, it is possible to recognize the northward influence of the Río de la Plata sediments carried by the Plata Plume Water. Another flow responsible for sediment transport and deposition on the outer shelf and slope is the southward flow of the Brazil Current. Finally, we propose that the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence and the Santos Bifurcation act as boundaries of geochemical provinces in the area. A conceptual model of sediment sources and transport is provided for the southwestern Atlantic margin

Assessing legacy contaminants in sediments from marine protected areas of the central coast of São Paulo (Brazil)

Abstract The presence of legacy contaminants in sediments from three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of the coast of São Paulo State was evaluated. Four sampling surveys were conducted between 2013 and 2015 in 10 sites, distributed along the Laje de Santos Marine and Xixova-Japui State Parks (PEMLS and XJSP, respectively) and Central Coast Marine Protection Area (APAMLC). Samples were analyzed for sediment texture, total organic carbon, CaCO3, metals (Al, Fe, Hg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn), aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (AH and PAH). Sediments were generally sandy (excepting muddy samples from APAMLC), with variable amounts of TOC, OM and CaCO3. Most of the sediments exhibited low to moderate concentrations of metals, except APAMLC. Low contamination of sediments by hydrocarbons was found but samples from XLSP and APAMLC exhibited the highest concentrations of biogenic AH and PAH from pyrogenic sources. In APAMLC and PEMLS, the levels of metals can be considered as background levels according to geochemical indices (Igeo and EF). In XJSP and especially in APAMLC data indicated poor sediment quality, probably due to the effect of anthropic activities

INCT-APA Annual Activity Report

Classic hydrographical parameters and dissolved nutrients were measured during the Antarctic summers from 2009 to 2012. Physical and biological processes control the nutrient levels in Admiralty Bay, as well as upwelling of deep water from Brans eld Strait. Additional data on summer land run-o and wind speeds and directions is needed to get a better model for the factors that control the primary production of the area