Euro: as Expected, Gains and Costs

Ten years ago, eleven European countries, since joined by five others, gave up their national currencies to create the euro. This anniversary is the occasion to evaluate whether the promises regarding the euro were kept. Various studies undertaken on French exports indicate that the single currency indeed produced the expected microeconomic benefits of a reduction in the transaction costs and greater price transparency. However, the single currency policy has led to strong divergences of real interest rates between countries, whose effects have not been corrected for lack of suitable macroeconomic co-operation. Ten years after the creation of the euro, the bursting of the real estate bubble in certain countries of the zone and the consequences of the financial crisis point to the necessity of strongly counter cyclical macroeconomic policies in the monetary union.EURO;EURO AREA;EUROPEAN MATTERS

In-vivo fast non-linear microscopy reveals intraneuronal transport impairment induced by slight molecular motor imbalances in the brain of zebrafish larvae

International audienceMotor proteins are responsible for the intracellular transport of critical cargoes such as organelles and vesicles along the cytoskeleton. This transport is an vital process, especially in neurons. Axonal transport deficit is found in neurological disorders and is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases1.Conventional methods used to measure intraneuronal transport are limited by moderate spatiotemporal resolutions, preventing the observation of events of short duration. We developed a method using photostable optically active nanocrystals (NC) tracer spontaneously internalized in endosomes2.Here we demonstrate the application of this assay to zebrafish (Zf) larvae. We used NC exhibiting large second-order non-linear optical properties, injected in Zf brain. We harnessed these properties combined with fast raster scanning of the infrared laser beam to achieve 20 frames/s rate, allowing us to detect short pausing duration underpinning complex molecular mechanisms otherwise smeared out by low temporal resolution.Using this method in axons of neurons with known polarization, we were able to separate the retrograde from the anterograde phase of motion. We developed a pipeline of video dataset analysis, which extracts the statistical distribution of various transport metrics for both directions, in normal and perturbed situations. To test the sensitivity of our measurement to small perturbations, we modulated the concentration of specific molecular motors, either by applying dynapyrazole3, a retrograde motor dynein inhibiting drug, or by using transgenic Zf engineered with loss-of-function alleles of the anterograde motor protein Kif5aa4. Dynapyrazole induces a reduction 32% of mobile NC, with a 37% reduction of their retrograde run length. In kif5aa mutants the retrograde run length is increased by 46% compared to wildtype.The high sensitivity of our intraneuronal transport measurement assay opens prospects in screening the functional impacts of neurodegenerative disease genetic factors in the animal model of zebrafish larvae for which genetic tools are largely available.References 1.S. Millecamps and J.-P. Julien, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2013, 14, 161–176.2.S. Haziza, et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2017, 12, 322–328.3.J. B. Steinman, et al., Elife, 2017, 6, e25174.4.T. O. Auer, et al., Elife, 2015, 4, 1–26.5.S. E. Encalada and L. S. B. B. Goldstein, Annu. Rev. Biophys., 2014, 43, 141–69

In-vivo fast non-linear microscopy reveals intraneuronal transport impairment induced by slight molecular motor imbalances in the brain of zebrafish larvae

International audienceIntracellular transport is a vital process, especially in neurons. Axonal transport deficit is found in neurodegenerative diseases. Conventional methods used to measure intraneuronal transport are limited by moderate spatiotemporal resolutions. We developed a method using photostable optically active nanocrystals (NC) tracers spontaneously internalized in endosomes1,2. Here we demonstrate its application to zebrafish (Zf) larvae. We used NC exhibiting large second-order non-linear optical properties, injected in Zf brain. We harnessed these properties combined with fast raster scanning of the infrared laser beam to achieve 20 frames/s rate, allowing us to detect short pausing duration underpinning complex molecular mechanisms otherwise smeared out by low temporal resolution.Using this method in axons of neurons with known polarization, we were able to separate the retrograde from the anterograde phases of motion. Our pipeline of video dataset analysis extracts statistical distributions of transport metrics in normal and perturbed situations. To test the sensitivity of our assay, we modulated active motors concentration, either by applying dynapyrazole, a retrograde motor dynein inhibitor, or by using transgenic Zf engineered with loss-of-function alleles of the anterograde motor Kif5aa. Dynapyrazole induces a 32% reduction of mobile NC, with a 37% reduction of their retrograde run length. In kif5aa mutants the retrograde run length is increased by 46% compared to wildtype.The high sensitivity of our assay opens prospects in investigating in vivo endosomal transport molecular mechanism in depth.1.S. Haziza, et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2017, 12, 322–328.2.Q.-L. Chou et al, eNeuro, 2022, ENEURO.0227-21.202

In-vivo fast non-linear microscopy reveals intraneuronal transport impairment induced by slight molecular motor imbalances in the brain of zebrafish larvae

International audienceMotor proteins are responsible for the intracellular transport of critical cargoes such as organelles and vesicles along the cytoskeleton. This transport is an vital process, especially in neurons. Axonal transport deficit is found in neurological disorders and is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases1.Conventional methods used to measure intraneuronal transport are limited by moderate spatiotemporal resolutions, preventing the observation of events of short duration. We developed a method using photostable optically active nanocrystals (NC) tracer spontaneously internalized in endosomes2.Here we demonstrate the application of this assay to zebrafish (Zf) larvae. We used NC exhibiting large second-order non-linear optical properties, injected in Zf brain. We harnessed these properties combined with fast raster scanning of the infrared laser beam to achieve 20 frames/s rate, allowing us to detect short pausing duration underpinning complex molecular mechanisms otherwise smeared out by low temporal resolution.Using this method in axons of neurons with known polarization, we were able to separate the retrograde from the anterograde phase of motion. We developed a pipeline of video dataset analysis, which extracts the statistical distribution of various transport metrics for both directions, in normal and perturbed situations. To test the sensitivity of our measurement to small perturbations, we modulated the concentration of specific molecular motors, either by applying dynapyrazole3, a retrograde motor dynein inhibiting drug, or by using transgenic Zf engineered with loss-of-function alleles of the anterograde motor protein Kif5aa4. Dynapyrazole induces a reduction 32% of mobile NC, with a 37% reduction of their retrograde run length. In kif5aa mutants the retrograde run length is increased by 46% compared to wildtype.The high sensitivity of our intraneuronal transport measurement assay opens prospects in screening the functional impacts of neurodegenerative disease genetic factors in the animal model of zebrafish larvae for which genetic tools are largely available.References 1.S. Millecamps and J.-P. Julien, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2013, 14, 161–176.2.S. Haziza, et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2017, 12, 322–328.3.J. B. Steinman, et al., Elife, 2017, 6, e25174.4.T. O. Auer, et al., Elife, 2015, 4, 1–26.5.S. E. Encalada and L. S. B. B. Goldstein, Annu. Rev. Biophys., 2014, 43, 141–69

In-vivo fast non-linear microscopy reveals intraneuronal transport impairment induced by slight molecular motor imbalances in the brain of zebrafish larvae

International audienceIntracellular transport is a vital process, especially in neurons. Axonal transport deficit is found in neurodegenerative diseases. Conventional methods used to measure intraneuronal transport are limited by moderate spatiotemporal resolutions. We developed a method using photostable optically active nanocrystals (NC) tracers spontaneously internalized in endosomes1,2. Here we demonstrate its application to zebrafish (Zf) larvae. We used NC exhibiting large second-order non-linear optical properties, injected in Zf brain. We harnessed these properties combined with fast raster scanning of the infrared laser beam to achieve 20 frames/s rate, allowing us to detect short pausing duration underpinning complex molecular mechanisms otherwise smeared out by low temporal resolution.Using this method in axons of neurons with known polarization, we were able to separate the retrograde from the anterograde phases of motion. Our pipeline of video dataset analysis extracts statistical distributions of transport metrics in normal and perturbed situations. To test the sensitivity of our assay, we modulated active motors concentration, either by applying dynapyrazole, a retrograde motor dynein inhibitor, or by using transgenic Zf engineered with loss-of-function alleles of the anterograde motor Kif5aa. Dynapyrazole induces a 32% reduction of mobile NC, with a 37% reduction of their retrograde run length. In kif5aa mutants the retrograde run length is increased by 46% compared to wildtype.The high sensitivity of our assay opens prospects in investigating in vivo endosomal transport molecular mechanism in depth.1.S. Haziza, et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2017, 12, 322–328.2.Q.-L. Chou et al, eNeuro, 2022, ENEURO.0227-21.202

Agir face aux dérèglements du monde

International audienceChaque auteur exprime dans cet ouvrage son parcours, sa vision de la société et les actions qu’il propose d’entreprendre pour agir face aux dérèglements auxquels le monde doit faire face.Les lauréats du Prix du meilleur jeune économiste livrent dans cet ouvrage leur perception, leur compréhension, leurs analyses et leurs propositions de ce que pourrait ou devrait être l’avenir du monde. Ils répondent aux questions fondamentales que se posent aujourd’hui les économistes et les principaux dirigeants. Les inégalités qui se creusent depuis la fin du siècle dernier sont-elles encore tolérables ? L’État social a-t-il encore un avenir ? La mondialisation est-elle vraiment la cause de tous les maux ? L’Europe reste-t-elle un espace économique pertinent ? La science économique s’ouvre-t-elle enfin aux autres disciplines ? Chaque auteur exprime dans cet ouvrage son parcours, sa vision de la société et les actions qu’il propose d’entreprendre pour agir face aux dérèglements auxquels le monde doit faire face. Créé en 2000 par le Cercle des économistes et le journal Le Monde, le Prix du meilleur jeune économiste est décerné chaque année à un économiste de moins de 40 ans, sélectionné en raison de la reconnaissance de son expertise et de sa participation active au débat public et économique

Agir face aux dérèglements du monde

International audienceChaque auteur exprime dans cet ouvrage son parcours, sa vision de la société et les actions qu’il propose d’entreprendre pour agir face aux dérèglements auxquels le monde doit faire face.Les lauréats du Prix du meilleur jeune économiste livrent dans cet ouvrage leur perception, leur compréhension, leurs analyses et leurs propositions de ce que pourrait ou devrait être l’avenir du monde. Ils répondent aux questions fondamentales que se posent aujourd’hui les économistes et les principaux dirigeants. Les inégalités qui se creusent depuis la fin du siècle dernier sont-elles encore tolérables ? L’État social a-t-il encore un avenir ? La mondialisation est-elle vraiment la cause de tous les maux ? L’Europe reste-t-elle un espace économique pertinent ? La science économique s’ouvre-t-elle enfin aux autres disciplines ? Chaque auteur exprime dans cet ouvrage son parcours, sa vision de la société et les actions qu’il propose d’entreprendre pour agir face aux dérèglements auxquels le monde doit faire face. Créé en 2000 par le Cercle des économistes et le journal Le Monde, le Prix du meilleur jeune économiste est décerné chaque année à un économiste de moins de 40 ans, sélectionné en raison de la reconnaissance de son expertise et de sa participation active au débat public et économique