Inspiratorisches Muskeltraining bei Herzinsuffizienz : welchen Einfluss hat die Integration eines inspiratorischen Muskeltrainings in der Rehabilitation von Herzinsuffizienzpatientinnen und -patienten in Bezug auf die Lebensqualität?

Schweizweit sind Herzkreislauferkrankungen seit 100 Jahren die häufigsten Sterbeursachen. Bei der Bevölkerungsgruppe der über 65- jährigen ist die Herzinsuffizienz der häufigste Hospitalisationsgrund. Erste Studienergebnisse zeigen, dass ein inspiratorisches Muskeltraining die Lebensqualität von Herzinsuffizienzpatientinnen und -patienten positiv beeinflusst. Diese Arbeit hat das Ziel, zu evaluieren, wie sich die Lebensqualität von Herzinsuffizienzpatientinnen und -patienten verändert, wenn ein inspiratorisches Muskeltraining in die Rehabilitation integriert wird. Zur Literaturrecherche wurden die gesundheitsspezifischen Datenbanken CINAHL Complete, PubMed sowie MEDLINE verwendet. Daraus resultierten vier quantitative Studien, welche anhand der AICA-Hilfstabelle und PEDro-Skala kritisch beurteilt und anschliessend diskutiert wurden. Drei von vier integrierten Studien zeigten eine Verbesserung der Lebensqualität, gemessen anhand des MLHFQ. Signifikante Ergebnisse erreichten jedoch nur zwei Studien. Das inspiratorische Muskeltraining beeinflusst vielfältige Faktoren günstig, ohne dabei negative Effekte zu bewirken. Insbesondere kann dadurch die Lebensqualität verbessert werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Integration des inspiratorischen Muskeltrainings in die kardiale Rehabilitation durchaus indiziert ist, nicht aber andere Rehabilitationsmassnahmen ersetzt

Leaf-associated fungal diversity in acidified streams: insights from combining traditional and molecular approaches

We combined microscopic and molecular methods to investigate fungal assemblages on alder leaf litter exposed in the benthic and hyporheic zones of five streams across a gradient of increasing acidification for 4 weeks. The results showed that acidification and elevated Al concentrations strongly depressed sporulating aquatic hyphomycetes diversity in both zones of streams, while fungal diversity assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) appeared unaffected. Clone library analyses revealed that fungal communities on leaves were dominated by members of Ascomycetes and to a lesser extent by Basidiomycetes and Chytridiomycetes. An important contribution of terrestrial fungi was observed in both zones of the most acidified stream and in the hyporheic zone of the reference circumneutral stream. The highest leaf breakdown rate was observed in the circumneutral stream and occurred in the presence of both the highest diversity of sporulating aquatic hyphomycetes and the highest contribution to clone libraries of sequences affiliated with aquatic hypho- mycetes. Both methods underline the major role played by aquatic hyphomycetes in leaf decom- position process. Our findings also bring out new highlights on the identity of leaf-associated fungal communities and their responses to anthropogenic alteration of running water ecosystems

Early stages of leaf decomposition are mediated by aquatic fungi in the hyporheic zone of woodland streams

1. Leaf litter constitutes the major source of organic matter and energy in woodland stream ecosystems. A substantial part of leaf litter entering running waters may be buried in the streambed as a consequence of flooding and sediment movement. While decomposition of leaf litter in surface waters is relatively well understood, its fate when incorporated into river sediments, as well as the involvement of invertebrate and fungal decomposers in such conditions, remain poorly documented. 2. We tested experimentally the hypotheses that the small interstices of the sediment restrict the access of the largest shredders to buried organic matter without compromising that of aquatic hyphomycetes and that fungal decomposers in the hyporheic zone, at least partly, compensate for the role of invertebrate detritivores in the benthic zone. 3. Alder leaves were introduced in a stream either buried in the sediment (hyporheic), buried after 2 weeks of exposure at the sediment surface (benthic-hyporheic), or exposed at the sediment surface for the entire experiment (benthic). Leaf decomposition was markedly faster on the streambed surface than in the two other treatments (2.1- and 2.8-fold faster than in the benthic-hyporheic and hyporheic treatments, respectively). 4. Fungal assemblages were generally less diverse in the hyporheic habitat with a few species tending to be relatively favoured by such conditions. Both fungal biomass and sporulation rates were reduced in the hyporheic treatment, with the leaves subject to the benthic-hyporheic treatment exhibiting an intermediate pattern. The initial 2-week stage in the benthic habitat shaped the fungal assemblages, even for leaves later subjected to the hyporheic conditions. 5. The abundance and biomass of shredders drastically decreased with burial, except for Leuctra spp., which increased and was by far the most common leaf-associated taxon in the hyporheic zone. Leuctra spp. was one of the rare shredder taxa displaying morphological characteristics that increased performance within the limited space of sediment interstices. 6. The carbon budgets indicated that the relative contributions of the two main decomposers, shredders and fungi, varied considerably depending on the location within the streambed. While the shredder biomass represented almost 50% of the initial carbon transformed after 80 days in the benthic treatment, its contribution was <0.3% in the hyporheic one and 2.0% in the combined benthic-hyporheic treatment. In contrast, mycelial and conidial production in the permanently hyporheic environment accounted for 12% of leaf mass loss, i.e. 2–3 times more than in the two other conditions. These results suggest that the role of fungi is particularly important in the hyporheic zone. 7. Our findings indicate that burial within the substratum reduces the litter breakdown rate by limiting the access of both invertebrate and fungal decomposers to leaves. As a consequence, the hyporheic zone may be an important region of organic matter storage in woodland streams and serve as a fungal inoculum reservoir contributing to further dispersal. Through the temporary retention of litter by burial, the hyporheic zone must play a significant role in the carbon metabolism and overall functioning of headwater stream ecosystems

Some new DNA barcodes of aquatic hyphomycete species

Aquatic hyphomycetes play a key role in organic matter processing in freshwaters. Traditionally, species have been identified through the morphology of their conidia, but mycelia can fail to sporulate, making aquatic hyphomycetes a group where DNA barcoding is crucial. We generated ITS barcodes for nine aquatic hyphomycetes without published ITS sequences that, together with all published sequences, were used to construct a neighbor-joining tree. In general, the new barcoded species grouped with species of the same genus, but Tricladium and Triscelophorus species were interspersed among different clades of the tree, confirming the multiple origins of aquatic hyphomycetes.Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional through COMPETE (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-013954)Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia - FCT (PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014, PTDC/AAC-AMB/113746/2009 and BPD/47574/2008

Effects of aquatic hyphomycete species richness and identity on leaf mass loss, fungal biomass and conidium production

Resumo da comunicação apresentada no "IX International Marine and Freshwater Mycology Symposium", Chiang Mai, Tailândia, 14 a 19 Novembro 2004.Biodiversity is rapidly declining as a consequence of several human activities, leading to an increased interest in determining how species loss affects ecosystem functioning. The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem processes has been widely documented in terrestrial systems. Comparatively few studies have been conducted in aquatic systems. Aquatic hyphomycetes, an ecological group of fungi that play a key role in leaf litter decomposition in streams, were used to investigate how species loss might affect decomposition processes. The effects of species richness and species identity on leaf mass loss, fungal biomass and conidium production were tested in microcosms. Alder leaf disks were inoculated with combinations of one to four aquatic hyphomycete species (Articulospora tetracladia, Flagellospora curta, Geniculospora grandis and Heliscus submersus) and continuously aerated under artificial light for 27 days. Both species richness and identity significantly affected fungal biomass and total conidium production (as numbers or biomass of conidia), whereas only species identity had a significant effect on leaf mass losses. In mixed cultures, leaf mass losses, fungal biomass and conidium production were greater than expected from the sum of the contribution of each species in monocultures.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - POCTI/34024/BSE/2000, SFRH/BD/13482/2003

Taxa-area relationship of aquatic fungi on deciduous leaves

One of the fundamental patterns in macroecology is the increase in the number of observed taxa with size of sampled area. For microbes, the shape of this relationship remains less clear. The current study assessed the diversity of aquatic fungi, by the traditional approach based on conidial morphology (captures reproducing aquatic hyphomycetes) and next generation sequencing (NGS; captures other fungi as well), on graded sizes of alder leaves (0.6 to 13.6 cm2). Leaves were submerged in two streams in geographically distant locations: the Oliveira Stream in Portugal and the Boss Brook in Canada. Decay rates of alder leaves and fungal sporulation rates did not differ between streams. Fungal biomass was higher in Boss Brook than in Oliveira Stream, and in both streams almost 100% of the reads belonged to active fungal taxa. In general, larger leaf areas tended to harbour more fungi, but these findings were not consistent between techniques. Morphospecies-based diversity increased with leaf area in Boss Brook, but not in Oliveira Stream; metabarcoding data showed an opposite trend. The higher resolution of metabarcoding resulted in steeper taxa-accumulation curves than morphospecies-based assessments (fungal conidia morphology). Fungal communities assessed by metabarcoding were spatially structured by leaf area in both streams. Metabarcoding promises greater resolution to assess biodiversity patterns in aquatic fungi and may be more accurate for assessing taxa-area relationships and local to global diversity ratios.This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569), funded by national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) I.P. (http://www.fct.pt/) and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI) and by the project PTDC/AAC-AMB/117068/2010, funded by national funds through FCT I.P. and the European Regional Development Funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program (FEDER-COMPETE). Support from FCT to SD (SFRH/BPD/47574/2008 and SFRH/BPD/109842/2015) and from NSERC Discovery grant program (http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/index_eng.asp) to FB is also acknowledged. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio