Dichlorido-1κCl,3κCl-bis­{μ-2,2′-[pro­pane-1,3-diylbis(imino­methyl­ene)]di­phenol­ato}-1:2κ6 O,N,N′,O′:O,O′;2:3κ6 O,O′:O,N,N′,O′-tricopper(II)

The title linear trinuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu3(C17H20N2O2)2Cl2], was obtained from N,N′-bis­(2-hydroxy­benz­yl)-1,3-propane­diamine and CuCl2. The overall charge of the three Cu2+ ions is balanced by four deprotonated phenol groups and two Cl− ligands. The complex is centrosymmetric with the central Cu2+ occupying a special position (). This Cu2+ ion is coordinated by the four phenolate O atoms in a square-planar fashion. The second Cu2+ occupies a general position in a square-pyramidal fashion. Two phenolate O atoms and two amine N form the basal plane, with Cl− ligands occupying the fifth coordination site

Diferenças entre as estratégias de coping em pacientes adultos com transtorno bipolar e seus familiares em comparação com controles saudáveis

Introduction: The objective of this study was to compare patients with bipolar disorder (BD), their first-degree relatives and a group of healthy controls in terms of use of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, exploring differences between specific types of strategies and their correlations with clinical variables. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study enrolling 36 euthymic patients with BD, 39 of their first-degree relatives and 44 controls. Coping strategies were assessed using the Brief COPE scale. Results: Significant differences were detected in the use of adaptive and maladaptive strategies by patients, their firstdegree relatives and controls. Patients used adaptive strategies less often than the patients’ relatives (p<0.001) and controls (p=0.003). There was no significant difference between firstdegree relatives and controls (p=0.707). In contrast, patients (p<0.001) and their relatives (p=0.004) both exhibited higher scores for maladaptive coping than controls. There was no significant difference regarding the use of maladaptive strategies between patients and their relatives (p=0.517). Conclusions: First-degree relatives were at an intermediate level between patients with BD and controls regarding the use of coping skills. This finding supports the development of psychosocial interventions to encourage use of adaptive strategies rather than maladaptive strategies in this population.Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os pacientes com transtorno bipolar (TB), seus familiares de primeiro grau e um grupo de controles saudáveis em termos de uso de estratégias adaptativas e não adaptativas, explorando diferenças entre tipos específicos de estratégias e suas correlações com variáveis clínicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal, envolvendo 36 pacientes com TB eutímicos, 39 familiares de primeiro grau e 44 controles. As estratégias de enfrentamento foram avaliadas usando a escala Brief COPE. Resultados: Foram detectadas diferenças significativas no uso de estratégias adaptativas e não adaptativas por pacientes, seus familiares e controles. Os pacientes usaram estratégias adaptativas com menos frequência do que os familiares (p<0,001) e controles (p=0,003). Não houve diferença significativa entre familiares dos pacientes e controles (p=0,707). Por outro lado, os pacientes (p<0,001) e seus familiares (p=0,004) exibiram pontuações mais elevadas para coping não adaptativo em relação aos controles. Não houve diferença significativa quando os pacientes foram comparados com seus familiares (p=0,517). Conclusões: Familiares de primeiro grau estavam em um nível intermediário entre pacientes com TB e controles no que diz respeito ao uso de habilidades de enfrentamento. Esta descoberta apoia o desenvolvimento de intervenções psicossociais para incentivar o uso de estratégias adaptativas em vez de estratégias inadequadas nessa população

O término de tratamento em psicoterapia psicanalítica

O presente artigo descreve algumas considerações a respeito do processo de término em psicoterapia psicanalítica, encontradas na literatura. O objetivo é discorrer sobre aspectos e recomendações que caracterizam a fase final do tratamento, considerando que a mesma é percebida de forma singular pela dupla: terapeutapaciente. Alguns autores destacam a capacidade do ego do paciente, o alcance de objetivos determinados na terapia, a superação de ansiedades e inibições, entre outros, como indicadores para a conclusão do tratamento. Tais critérios e demais questionamentos serão descritos ao longo deste estudo, contemplando principalmente o fechamento integral do processo, observando brevemente alguns aspectos relacionados às interrupções. O fim da terapêutica desperta, tanto em quem se trata quanto nos profissionais, angústias primitivas que devem ser elaboradas por ambos, portanto, reconhecidas e trabalhadas ao máximo durante o tratamento.This article compiles some considerations about the end of the process in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, found in the literature. The objective is to discuss aspects and recommendations that characterize the final phase of the treatment considering that it is perceived in a unique way by each of the dual therapist / patient. Some authors emphasize the capacity of the ego, the achievement of determined goals, the overcoming of anxieties and inhibitions, among others, as indicators for the conclusion of this modality of psychological care. These criteria and other questions will be better described throughout this study, contemplating the complete closure, that is, without stopping the interruptions. The end of the therapy awakens, both in those who are treated and in the professionals, primitive anxieties that must be elaborated by both, therefore, recognized and worked to the maximum during the treatment

Cognitive performance and psychosocial functioning in patients with bipolar disorder, unaffected siblings, and healthy controls

Objective:: To assess cognitive performance and psychosocial functioning in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), in unaffected siblings, and in healthy controls. Methods:: Subjects were patients with BD (n=36), unaffected siblings (n=35), and healthy controls (n=44). Psychosocial functioning was accessed using the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST). A sub-group of patients with BD (n=21), unaffected siblings (n=14), and healthy controls (n=22) also underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests: California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance or the chi-square test; multivariate analysis of covariance was used to examine differences in neuropsychological variables. Results:: Patients with BD showed higher FAST total scores (23.90±11.35) than healthy controls (5.86±5.47; p < 0.001) and siblings (12.60±11.83; p 0.001). Siblings and healthy controls also showed statistically significant differences in FAST total scores (p = 0.008). Patients performed worse than healthy controls on all CVLT sub-tests (p < 0.030) and in the number of correctly completed categories on WCST (p = 0.030). Siblings did not differ from healthy controls in cognitive tests. Conclusion:: Unaffected siblings of patients with BD may show poorer functional performance compared to healthy controls. FAST scores may contribute to the development of markers of vulnerability and endophenotypic traits in at-risk populations

TEM Investigation of the Developement of the Microstructure of Mica Glass Ceramics

Untersuchung der Keimbildung und des Kristallisationsverhaltens einer mit Zirkoniumoxid verstärkten Glimmerglaskeramik mit Na- Fluorphlogopit als kristalliner Hauptphase. Es der Einfluss des Zirkoniumoxides auf die Keimbildung untersucht. Die Möglichkeiten und Mechanismen der mechanischen Verfestigung der vorkristallisierten Glaskeramik in einem zweiten Temperschritt durch gezielte Gefügeeinstellung, Wachstum der Zirkoniumoxidkristalle auf eine umwandlungsfähige Größe, sowie durch Ausscheidung anderer Phasen wurden im zweiten Teil untersucht. Ziel war die Optimierung der Bearbeitbarkeit nach der ersten Kristallisation und eine bestmögliche Verfestigung durch die zweite Kristallisation. Keimbildung und Kristallisation Die in der Literatur häufig beschriebene tröpfchenförmige Entmischung konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Die Keimbildung wird wesentlich durch die primäre Ausscheidung von nanokristallinem Zirkoniumoxid begünstigt. Ohne Zirkoniumoxid erfolgt im gewählten Zusammensetzungsbereich des Grundglases eine homogene Keimbildung von Phlogopit mit einem Keimbildungsmaximum im Bereich der Transformationstemperatur Tg des Glases. Bei einer Zusammensetzung mit sechs Masseprozent Zirkoniumoxid lassen sich homogene einphasige Gläser herstellen, wenn die Abmessungen nicht zu groß sind, so dass die Abkühlung in wenigen Minuten erfolgt. Andernfalls würde bereits während der Abkühlung die unkontrollierte Ausscheidung von Zirkoniumoxid-Dendriten erfolgen. Eine Temperaturbehandlung bei ca. 60 – 100 °C oberhalb von Tg führt zur homogenen Ausscheidung von Zirkoniumoxid–Nanokristallen und anschließender heterogener Keimbildung von Chondrodit- und Phlogopit–Kristallen. Die maximale Keimbildungsrate erhöht sich hierdurch um mehr als 20-tausendfach. Das Maximum der Keimbildung wird zu höheren Temperaturen verschoben und die Induktionszeit drastisch verkürzt. Somit können in technisch interessanten Zeiten genügend Keime erzeugt werden um ein feinkristallines Gefüge zu erhalten. In den untersuchten Gläsern erfolgt die Kristallisation ohne vorangehende amorphe Phasentrennung. Unterhalb einer Temperatur von 1060 °C wachsen gestörte Glimmerkristalle mit gegenüber der regulären Stöchiometrie erhöhtem Al–Anteil. Bei größeren Glimmerkristallen lassen sich makroskopisch gekrümmte, dendritisch verzweigte Wachstumsformen erkennen. Als Ursache hierfür konnten Störungszonen im Gitteraufbau der Glimmer ausgemacht werden. Zusätzliche, eingeschobene {001}-Halbebenen führen zu einer Verbiegung der benachbarten durchgehenden Netzebenen und ermöglichen dem Kristall die Wachstumsrichtung um einen kleinen Winkelbetrag zu ändern. In der Summe entstehen so die makroskopisch gekrümmten und verzweigten Kristalle. Anders als für die bekannten sphärisch aggregierten Glimmerkristalle angenommen, ist hier also kein durch die Glasmatrix vorgegebener Zwang für die gekrümmte Morphologie entscheidend. Vielmehr führen Wachstumsstörungen, die aufgrund der nichtstöchiometrischen, Al-reichen und hochviskosen Glasmatrix auftreten, zu Gitterfehlern in deren Folge die Glimmerkristalle gekrümmt wachsen. Bei höheren Temperaturen und höherer Mobilität der für den Phlogopit erforderlichen Baueinheiten erfolgt die Rekristallisation zu stöchiometrischem Phlogopit. Verfestigung Die Zugabe von Zirkoniumoxid hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Festigkeit der Glimmerglaskeramik. Bereits nach der ersten Kristallisation wurden Biegefestigkeiten bis 290 MPa gemessen, gegenüber 120 MPa ohne Zirkoniumoxid. In diesem Stadium liegen die Zirkoniumoxidkristalle noch in einem nicht umwandlungsfähigen nanokristallinen Zustand vor. Durch die heterogene Keimbildung an ZrO2–Kristallen wird ein feinkörniges Phlogopitgefüge möglich, wodurch eine Verfestigung gegeben ist. Umwandlungsfähige ZrO2-Teilchen in der Restglasmatrix nach der zweiten Kristallisation konnten nachgewiesen werden. Damit wurde der Prozess der Umwandlungsverstärkung qualitativ nachgewiesen. Es trat jedoch keine signifikante Erhöhung der Bruchzähigkeit ein. Die höhere Biegefestigkeit nach der zweiten Kristallisation wird deshalb durch umwandlungsinduzierte Oberflächendruckspannung erklärt. Mikrorissverstärkung ist ein weiterer bekannter Verfestigungsmechanismus. Mikrorisse an bereits umgewandelten ZrO2-Teilchen wurden jedoch nicht beobachtet. Kristallisation weiterer Phasen Durch unterschiedliche Keimbildung und geringe Änderungen des Fluorgehaltes der Gläser konnten im zweiten Kristallisationsschritt Kornerupin, Mullit oder Spinell als weitere Phase kristallisiert werden. Kornerupin kristallisierte in Form von langen Nadeln. Schon ein geringer Anteil Kornerupin führte zu einer deutlich höheren Härte und Elastizitätsmodul. Die Bruchzähigkeit nahm etwas ab, ein signifikanter Einfluss auf die Biegefestigkeit war nicht festzustellen. Die Bearbeitbarkeit wurde signifikant schlechter. Außerdem führten relativ geringe Mengen Kornerupin zu einer starken Opakisierung des Materials. Mullit und Spinell zeigten beide eine gute Verträglichkeit mit dem Glimmergefüge, es wurden hohe Festigkeiten erreicht. Im Gegensatz zu den Kornerupin-Nadeln, welche Gefügeübergreifend wuchsen, kristallisierte, je nach Fluorgehalt, Mullit oder Spinell in den glasigen Bereichen zwischen den Glimmerkristallen. Ein negativer Einfluss auf die Bearbeitbarkeit wurde nicht festgestellt. Proben mit mehr Mullit sind jedoch weniger transluzent als Proben mit überwiegend Spinell. Bearbeitbarkeit Durch den Einsatz von Zirkoniumoxid und dessen gezielter Ausscheidung in einem zweistufigen Kristallisationsprozess wurden bearbeitbare Glimmerglaskeramiken mit deutlich höheren Festigkeitswerten hergestellt, als die der bisher bekannten Glimmerglaskeramiken. Der Widerspruch zwischen guter Bearbeitbarkeit und hoher Festigkeit konnte nicht aufgehoben werden. Es ist zwar eine Bearbeitung der Proben mit spanenden Werkzeugen möglich. Die verstärkten Proben sind jedoch deutlich schwerer zu bearbeiten, als die unverstärkten. Eine Optimierung war möglich, indem der Glimmeranteil erhöht wurde. Da die Proben mit höherem Glimmeranteil eine niedrigere Härte hatten, konnte ein inverser Zusammenhang zwischen der gemessenen Härte und der Bearbeitbarkeit festgestellt werden. Dem ursprünglichen Ziel entsprechend wurde durch die zweite Kristallisationsstufe eine Steigerung der Festigkeit erzielt, bei gleichzeitig verminderter Bearbeitbarkeit. Die hohen Erwartungen an die zweistufige Kristallisation konnten jedoch nicht erfüllt werden. Vielmehr ist bereits in einem einstufigen Prozess eine hohe Festigkeit bei noch akzeptabler Bearbeitbarkeit möglich.The nucleation mechanism of the mica crystals of a machineable mica-glass-ceramic and the growth of the crystals were investigated. The influence of zirconia on nucleation and crystallization was a main topic. It was the aim of this work to understand the mechanical strengthening of this type of glassceramic during a second crystallization step at a temperature, which was higher than the first crystallization temperature. Strengthening was thought to occur due to the growth of the zirconia particles to a size, where transformation toughening is possible, due to a uniform fine grain size and due to additional phases, which crystallize during the second heat treatment. It was further the aim to optimize the machineability of the glass-ceramic after a first crystallization step and to achieve a high strength after the second crystallization step. The material should be useful as a dental CAD/CAM restauration. Nucleation and crystallization In the literature an amorphous phase separation (APS) is described, which enhances the nucleation of mica crystals in similar glass compositions. The TEM did not show APS in the investigated glasses. Nucleation is promoted by a primary crystallization of nanosized zirconia particles. Without the addition of zirconia a homogeneous nucleation of mica crystals occurs and the maximum nucleation rate is near the transformation temperature of the glass. Homogeneous glasses could be fabricated with the addition of up to 6 wt. % zirconia. A heat treatment of the glass blank with 6 wt. % zirconia at 60 to 100 °C above Tg leads to a homogeneous crystallization of nanocrystalline zirconia particles. These zirconia particles are heterogeneous nucleation sites for the subsequent crystallization of mica crystals and also of a chondrodite-like phase. The maximum nucleation rate is enhanced by a factor of 20- thousand compared to the zirconia free glass. The high nucleation rate makes it possible to produce a fine-grained mica-glass-ceramic in a reasonable time. No APS in advance to crystallization was detected in the zirconia containing glasses as well. At temperatures above 1060 °C, when the mobility in the glassy matrix is higher, the formation of mica crystals with regular Al-content takes place. This happens by a recrystallization process. Strengthening The addition of zirconia dramatically influences the strength of the glass-ceramic. The bending strength is up to 290 MPa after the first crystallization step, compared to 120 MPa without zirconia. At this point the zirconia particles are nanocrystalline. Because of their small grain size there is no contribution of a transformation toughening effect. The strenghtening is thus attributed to the fine-grained microstructure, which is a result of the heterogeneous nucleation of mica on zirconia particles. The process of transformation toughening was demonstrated qualitatively. There was no significant increase of the thoughness value. This is in conformity with the theory, because the amount of transformable zirconia particles is too low to create a measurable volume effect. The further increase of strength of up to 350 MPa during the second crystallization is therefore attributed to a transformation enhanced surface compression. It is possible to crystallize either kornerupine, mullite or spinel phases during the second crystallization step by applying different nucleation regimens and by different fluorine contents. Kornerupine crystallizes with a long needle-like morphology. Kornerupine comes along with higher hardness values and higher Youngs-Modulus, but transparency, machineability and fracture toughness values decreased. Mullite or spinel phases crystallized in the small glassy pockets between the mica crystals. Machineability The addition of zirconia to a mica-glass-ceramic and the controlled crystallization in a two step crystallization process results in a machineable glass-ceramic with significant higher strength than known machineable glass-ceramics. The conflict between good machineability and high strength could not be overcome. Though it was possible to machine the high strength glass-ceramic for example with hard metal tools, the machineability of the zirconia containing glass-ceramic was lower than the machineability of the glass-ceramic without zirconia and also lower than the commercial low strength mica-glass-ceramic Macor®. An optimization was possible by increasing the percentage of the mica crystals. The samples with higher crystalline content had lower hardness values, which explains the better machineability of these samples. According to the original aim, the strength increased during the second crystallization and the machineability decreased. It is questionable however, if the rather small enhancement of the mechanical properties justifies a second heating step. Good strength values are attained even after the first crystallization and machineability is adequate in some cases

Determining the endurance performance in women futsal players during the season of preparation and competition

YÖK Tez No: 489787Kadın futsal oyuncularında hazırlık ve müsabaka döneminde (8 haftalık süreç) dayanıklılık özelliğinin belirlenmesi amacı ile yapılan çalışmamıza Düzce Üniversitesi Kadın Futsal Takımı sporcularından (antrenman yaşı 5.14±0.86yıl, yaş 21.28±1.38yıl, boy 163.28±4.87cm, vücut ağırlığı 54.30±5.33kg) 14'ü gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Sporcuların vücut kompozisyonlarını belirleyebilmek için boy, kilo ve Beden Kitle İndeksi (BKI), aerobik kapasitelerini belirleyebilmek için Yo-yo aralıklı toparlanma testi 1 (Yo-yo Intermediate Recovery Test 1 - YIRT1), anaerobik kapasitelerini belirleyebilmek için tekrarlı sprint testi (Repeated Sprint Ability - RSA) ve laktat konsantrasyonlarını belirleyebilmek için ise parmak ucundan laktat ölçümü yapılmıştır. Testler esnasındaki kalp atım seviyelerinin tespit edilebilmesi için ise Polar V800 cihazı kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel değerlendirme için SPSS paket programından yararlanılmıştır. Kadın futsal oyuncularında hazırlık sezonunda Vücut ağırlığı, BKI, %yağ oranı, maksimal oksijen tüketimi (MaxVO2), katedilen mesafe, YIRT1 sonrası laktat, yorgunluk zamanı, yorgunluk indeksi, toparlanma nabzı ve RSA sonrası laktat değerleri ön testte sırasıyla; 54.30±5.33kg, 20.38±2.04kg/cm2, 17.52±3.57%, 40.36±1.16ml/kg/dk, 471.42±138.72m, 11.22±1.60mmol, 1.50±0.77sn, 8.15±2.79%, 132.07±10.00atım/dk, 11.87±1.59mmol, son testte ise sırasıyla 52.06±5.38kg, 19.53±2.05kg/cm2, 15.65±4.08%, 41.60±1.14ml/kg/dk, 620.00±136.55m, 13.76±1.88mmol, 0.88±0.41sn, 5.92±2.98%, 122.64±8.22atım/dk, 13.35±1.28mmol olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmamız sonucunda kadın futsal oyuncularının performansları değerlendirildiğinde hazırlık döneminde yapılan testlerden elde edilen veriler ile müsabaka döneminde yapılan testlerden elde edilen veriler arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı farklılık olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.01). Spearman korelasyon testi sonuçlarına göre Laktat ile toparlanma zamanı arasında p<0.05, toparlanma nabzı arasında p<0.01 düzeyinde, MaxVO2 ile toparlanma zamanı arasında p<0.01, yorgunluk indeksi arasında p<0.05 düzeyinde anlamlılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yine aynı şekilde toparlanma zamanı ile yorgunluk indeksi arasında p<0.05, en iyi zaman arasında p<0.01 düzeyinde anlamlılık olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anahtar sözcükler: Dayanıklılık, Futsal, Laktat, Tekrarlı Sprint, Yo-Yo aralıklı toparlanma testi14 of the Duzce University women futsal players (training age 5.14±0.86years, age 21.28±1.38year, height 163.28±4.87cm, and body weight 54.30±5.33kg) participated voluntarily in our study aimed at determining the endurance performance in women futsal players during the period of preparation and competition. Height, weight and body mass index (BMI), Yo-yo intermediate recovery test 1 (YIRT1), repeated sprint ability (RSA) and fingertip lactate measurement are used for determining body compositions, aerobic capacities, anaerobic capacities and lactate concentrations of players respectively, whereas Polar V800 device is operated for making firm of heart rate during the tests. For statistical evaluations, it is benefited from SPSS software package. At pre-test of women futsal players during the preparation season, Body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, maximal oxygen update (VO2Max), travelled distance, lactate after YIRT1, fatigue time, fatigue index, recovery pulse and lactate values after RSA are determined as follows: 54.30±5.33kg, 20.38±2.04kg/m2, %17.52±3.57, 40.36±1.16ml/kg/min, 471.42±138.72m, 11.22±1.60mmol, 1.50±0.77sc, %8.15±2.79, 132.07±10.00pulse/min, 11.87±1.59mmol; at post-test these values are 52.06±5.38kg, 19.53±2.05 kg/m2, %15.65±4.08, 41.60±1.14ml/kg/min, 620.00±136.55m, 13.76±1.88mmol, 0.88±0.41sc, %5.92±2.98, 122.64±8.22pulse/min, 13.35±1.28mmol, respectively. As a consequence of our study, It is found that there are significant statistical differences between test results at preparation season and at competition season when performances of women futsal players are evaluated (p<0.01). According to spearman correlation test results, P-values have been found out to be p<0.05 between lactate and recovery speed, p<0.01 between recovery pulse, p<0.01 between VO2Max and recovery time and p<0.05 between fatigue indexes. Likewise, the statistical differences between recovery time and fatigue index and between best times are p<0.05 and p<0.01 levels respectively

Fonksiyonel gıda ürünlerine yönelik tüketici tutumları: İzmir'de bir uygulama

Hastalıkların önlenmesi ve iyileştirilmesi için gıda ürünlerinin kullanılması bazı kültürler için yeni bir anlayış değildir. Ancak, gıda ürünlerinin sağlık faydalarının vurgulanarak pazarlanması tüm dünyada 1990'larda yeni bir eğilim haline gelmiştir. Bu eğilimin birbirini etkileyen iki bileşeni bulunmaktadıræ birincisi gıda teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler, ikincisi tüketicilerin uzun ve sağlıklı yaşam beklentisidir. Tüketicilerin ekstra sağlık faydaları olan yeni ürünlere olan talebi ve gıda sektöründeki gelişmeler, "fonksiyonel gıdalar" adı verilen yeni bir gıda ürün kategorisi yaratmıştır. Bu yeni kategori ile beraber, pazarlamacılar yeni ürünler geliştirme ya da var olan ürünlerini bazı işlemlerden geçirerek yeniden pazara sunma şansı elde etmişlerdir. Fonsiyonel gıda ürün kategorisi Türk tüketicisi için göreceli olarak yenidir ve potansiyel pazar başarısı, tüketici profili ve geleceği bilinmemektedir. Fonksiyonel gıdalara yönelik tüketici tutumlarının araştırılması bu pazar ile ilgili bilgi sağlaması açısından önemlidir. Bu bilgi, aynı zamanda pazarlamacıların tüketici ihtiyaçlarına nasıl cevap vereceği konusunda yardımcı olacacaktır. Bu araştırma demografik değişkenlerin fonksiyonel gıdalara yönelik tüketici tutumları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, aynı zamanda cevaplandırıcıların fonksiyonel gıdalar ile ilgili farkındalığını ortaya çıkarmaya çalışmaktadır. 269 cevaplandırıcı İzmir'in değişik bölgelerinde tesadüfi olmayan örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmiş ve yüz yüze detaylı bir anket uygulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, demografik faktörlerin fonksiyonel gıdalara yönelik tüketici tutumlarını kısmi olarak etkilediği bulunmuştur. Ancak, pazardaki esas engel bu ürün kategorisi ile ilgili farkındalık eksikliğidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fonksiyonel Gıdalar, Tüketici Davranışı, Tutumlar Using food products to prevent or to cure some diseases is not a new concept for some cultures. However, marketing some food products by emphasizing its health benefits has become a new trend all over the world especially in 1990s. This trend has two interactive componentsæ one is the technological developments in nutrition science, second is the consumers' expectancy about long and healthy life. Consumers' demand for new food products which have extra health benefits and the improvements in food sector developed a new category of foods which are called "functional foods". With this new category, marketers have chance to develop new products or promote already existing products by applying some nutritional processes. Functional food product category is relatively new for Turkish consumers and their potential market success, consumer profile and future is still unclear. Analyzing consumers' attitudes towards functional foods are important to gather some information about functional food market. This information may also help marketers in responding the consumer needs. The aim of this study is to explore the effects of demographic variables over attitudes towards functional foods. Besides, study tries to explore the respondents' awareness of the functional food products. Detailed survey is applied face-to-face to 269 respondents chosen by non-random sampling in different areas in İzmir. As a result, it is found that some of the demographic variables partially affect the attitudes towards functional foods. However, the main constraint in the market about this food category is the lack of awareness. Key Words: Functional Foods, Consumer Behavior, Attitude

Estratégias de coping em pacientes com transtorno bipolar e em seus familiares

Introdução: Pacientes com Transtorno Bipolar (TB) e seus familiares apresentam níveis de estresse significativamente mais elevados que a população geral. Coping, utilizado para gerenciar situações estressantes, tem sido alvo de investigação e intervenções psicossociais em pacientes bipolares, auxiliando-os no manejo destes fatores e melhorando desfechos clínicos no tratamento. Objetivos: O presente estudo tem por objetivo primário comparar pacientes com TB, seus familiares de primeiro grau e um grupo de controles saudáveis quanto ao uso de estratégias de coping adaptativas e desadaptativas. Como objetivos secundários, serão feitas análises explorando diferenças de tipos específicos de coping utilizados pelos indivíduos dos diferentes grupos (pacientes, familiares e controles), através da escala Brief COPE. Outras correlações com variáveis clínicas serão exploradas, como fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos, buscando encontrar relações com as estratégias de coping na amostra de pacientes com TB. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostragem por conveniência. O estudo incluiu 36 pacientes eutímicos com TB, 39 familiares de primeiro grau destes pacientes e 44 controles. As estratégias de coping foram avaliadas através da Escala Brief COPE. Resultados: Diferenças significativas foram encontradas quanto ao uso de estratégias adaptativas e desadaptativas entre pacientes, familiares e controles. Pacientes utilizam em menor grau estratégias adaptativas, quando comparados aos controles. Por outro lado, os familiares demonstram maior uso de estratégias desadaptativas, semelhante ao que é observado nos pacientes, diferindo do grupo controle. Limitações: O tamanho amostral é um importante limitador para as conclusões do estudo. Ainda, as conclusões foram baseadas em dados transversais. A utilização de avaliações psicológicas e clínicas em estudos longitudinais permitiriam um melhor mapeamento das mudanças ou manutenção nos padrões psicológicos dos participantes. Conclusões: O grupo de familiares encontra-se em um nível intermediário entre pacientes e controles, ou seja, familiares fazem uso de estratégias desadaptativas em níveis semelhantes ao grupo de pacientes, mas apresentam maior uso de estratégias adaptativas, assim como o grupo controle. Intervenções psicossociais com este grupo são justificadas, favorecendo o uso das estratégias adaptativas em detrimento das estratégias desadaptativas.Background: Patients with Bipolar disorder (BD) and their relatives exhibit significantly higher stress levels than the general population. Coping strategies, used to manage stressful situations, have been the subject of research and have also been used in psychosocial interventions with bipolar patients in order to help them manage stress factors and improve the clinical outcome of treatment. Objectives: This study has the objective to compare BD patients, their first-degree relatives and a group of healthy controls on the use of adaptive strategies and maladaptive coping. The specific objectives, analyzes will be made by exploiting differences in specific types of coping used by individuals from different groups (patients, relatives and controls) through the Brief COPE scale. Other correlations with clinical variables will be explored, such as demographic and clinical factors, trying to find relations with coping strategies in the sample of patients with BD. Method: This was a cross-sectional study with sampling by convenience, enrolling 36 patients with BD, 39 of their first-degree relatives and 44 controls. Coping strategies were assessed using the Brief COPE scale. Results: Significant differences were detected between use of adaptive and maladaptive strategies by patients, patients' relatives and controls. Patients used adaptive strategies less often than the patients' relatives and controls. In contrast, the patients' relatives reported greater use of maladaptive strategies than the controls and were similar to the patients in this respect. Limitations: The sample size is an important factor limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from this study. Furthermore, these conclusions are based on cross-sectional data. Conclusions: The group of patients' relatives were at an intermediate level between the patients and the healthy controls, i.e. family make use of maladaptive strategies at similar levels to the group of patients, but greater use of adaptive strategies, as well as the control group. This group merits psychosocial interventions to encourage use of adaptive strategies rather than maladaptive strategies