IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ENCAPSULATED PROBIOTIC BACTERIA SUPPLEMENTATION TO RUMINANT RATIONS

The aim of this study was to in vitro evaluate encapsulated probiotic supplementation to ruminant rationson degradation and fermentation parameters. The ration consisted of 40% alfalfa hay and 60% concentrate feed mixture. Encapsulated and not encapsulated probiotic were supplemented with level of 106cfu/kg of the total dry matter of ration (DM) and compared with encapsulation media (Sodium Alginate, SA) and control (not supplemented ration). DM and OM degradation and total gas production as well as fermentation parameters of the incubated samples were determined after 24 h of fermentation. Significant (P<0.01) increases in in-vitro DM degradability was observed for the experimental ration supplemented with encapsulated or not encapsulated probiotics at levels (106 CFU/ kg DM) and SA treatment compared to control ration. Also, significant (P<0.05) improvement in OM degradability was recorded for the ration supplemented with not encapsulated probiotics bacteria compared to the other treatments. Moreover no significant differences were observed between the control ration and the rations supplemented with encapsulated probiotics or SA only, as well as no significant difference was recorded between the ration supplemented with encapsulated probiotics and the ration supplemented with SA only. Probiotics bacteria supple mentation in the form of not encapsulated probiotic resulted significant increases in in vitro total gas production per sample and per g DM, OM, dDM, NDF and ADF after 24 hours incubation period compared to the other experimental rations (control, encapsulated probiotic and SA). While significant increase in total gas production per g dOM was observed for not encapsulated probiotic compared to encapsulated probiotic only. It could be concluded that, using encapsulated probiotics bacteria had no significant effect on DM degradability and may be induce decrease in gas production and fermentation parameters

IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF PROBIOTIC BACTERIA SUPPLEMENTATION TO RUMINANT RATIONS

The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of different level of probiotic supplementation to ruminant rations, using in-vitro batch culture technique to determine degradation and fermentation parameters. In vitro experimental ration was formulated, the ration consisted of 40% alfalfa hay and 60% concentrate feed mixture. Three level of probiotic supplementation (106, 108, 1010 cfu/kg DM) were evaluated. DM and total gas production as well as fermentation parameters of the incubated samples were determined after 24 hrs. of fermentation. Slightly increases (P>0.05) in in-vitro dry matter degradability were observed for the ration supplemented with probiotics bacteria at different levels (106,108 and 1010 cfu/ kg DM) compared to control ration. Probiotics bacteria supplementation with different level (106,108 and 1010 cfu/ kg DM) led to significant (P<0.001) increases in organic matter degradability and total gas production per sample and per g DM, OM, NDF and ADF compared to the not supplemented ration (control ration), and no significant differences were observed among the different levels of probiotics supplementation. Significant increase in total volatile fatty acid concentration after 24 hours' incubation period compared to the not supplemented ration. On the other hand, the treatment supplemented with probiotic recorded lower ammonia concentration compared to the control group. It could be concluded that, adding  probiotics bacteria supplementation to experimental ration resulted increase DM and OM degradability and using dose 106 CFU/kg DM feed is sufficient to induce improvement in degradability and fermentation parameter

Lactation performance and feed utilization of Rahmani ewes fed with either a newly produced bacteriocin-like substance or a commercial bacteriocin

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of feeding a newly produced bacteriocin-like substance from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (PNP) with a commercial bacteriocin (NISEEN-S; CNP) in lactating Rahmani ewe diets. In experiment 1, the effects of four levels (500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 unit/kg substrate, dry matter (DM) basis) of both bacteriocins on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics, total gas production (TGP), methane production (CH4), and nutrient degradability were determined. In experiment 2, 2 wk before the expected parturition, 30 multiparous lactating Rahmani ewes (mean ± SD: 2 ± 0.3 parity, 46.8 ± 2.5 kg body weight, 23 ± 2.7 mo of age, and 370 ± 13 g/d of previous milk production) were equally divided into three treatments in a complete randomized design for 90 d. The ewes in the control treatment were offered a diet composed of 600 g of concentrate feed mixture, 300 g berseem hay, and 100 g of faba bean straw (Control), or supplemented with produced bacteriocin like substance (PNP) or commercial (CNP) bacteriocin at 500 unit/kg feed (DM basis). In experiment 1, both PNP and CNP linearly and quadratically decreased (P < 0.001) CH4 production; however, PNP and CNP at 500 unit/kg feed quadratically increased fiber degradability (P < 0.01). In experiment 2, both PNP and CNP increased (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility, and ruminal total volatile fatty acids, acetate, and propionate, while decreasing ruminal ammonia-N. The PNP treatment increased (P < 0.05) blood total proteins and albumin, while PNP and CNP treatments increase serum glucose. Both PNP and CNP treatments increased (P < 0.05) daily milk production and milk efficiency, without affecting the concentration of milk components. Both PNP and CNP are recommended to improve feed utilization and milk production, with superior results detected for PNP at 500 unit/kg feed daily

Electromagnetic properties in nanostructured alloy Cu₇₀Co₃₀ obtained by a non-equilibrium method

The Cu₇₀Co₃₀ alloy was developed by a non-equilibrium method of "mechanical alloying", from a mixture of copper powder and pure cobalt. The nanostructured alloy Cu-Co with grains with a size of about 12 nm, has different electromagnetic properties which are often superior to those of conventional solid alloy, because of the critical size effect. In this work we are interested in the electromagnetic properties of the synthesized material. Resistivity, eddy current and the magnetization evolution were studied. The frequencies selected for plotting the diagram vary from 100 Hz to 100 kHz. To satisfy the Weiss condition, the excitation field must be of the same order of magnitude as the field that characterizes the area of Weiss. For all prepared series, the evolution of the magnetization as a function of milling time was analyzed. The influence of milling time on the resistivity variation is shown

Fabrication and Characterization of Tensile Deformation of Tin-Lead Open Cell Foams

This study is devoted to the investigation of metallic foams based on tin-lead alloy (with 50% of tin content) by the liquid metal infiltration process. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed at room temperature in order to study mechanical properties of foams of different relative density and cell size. The samples were concurrently characterized on a microscopic scale (metallography and hardness) in order to link the morphological and mechanical characteristics of the constitutive phases

Magnetic Properties and Resistivity Measurement of Nanocrystalline Cu70Fe18Co12Cu_{70}Fe_{18}Co_{12} Alloys

The mechanical alloying process has been used to prepare nanocrystalline $Cu_{70}Fe_{18}Co_{12}$ alloy from elemental Cu, Fe and Co powders in a planetary ball mill under argon atmosphere. The interdiffusion of Cu, Fe and Co leads to a heterogeneous solid solution with Cu-Fe-Co rich environments after 12 h of milling. The end product is a mixture of a highly disordered structure, fcc-Cu (Fe-Co), phase having different microstructural and structural parameters. For all the elaborate series, the evolution of coercive field and the remanence according to the time of milling is analyzed. The coercivity, $H_{c}$, decreases rapidly up to 8 h of milling to about 0.3 A/m and then the coercivity, increases to a maximum at 54 h. The influence of the time of milling at the resistivity of these alloys is shown

Scalable Hardware Architecture For Controlled N-Dimensional Autonomous Chaotic Systems: Finite State Machine Design of synchronized cryptosystems for secure communication or data encryption

International audienc

NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF ND-FE-B MAGNET AND DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF ND AFTER OXALATE PRECIPITATION AND PRODUCTION OF ND2O3

In practice, the properties of the neodymium magnets are highly dependent on the precise composition of the alloy and its microstructure. The aim of our work is to determine the content of neodymium and the impurities of a magnet Nd-Fe-B. The first step is to analyze the impurities from a super Nd-Fe-B magnet. We used the following techniques: The neutron radiography, the neutron activation analysis (NAA) and the scanning electron microscope coupled with EDX. The samples of Nd-Fe-B and standards are weighed and packed in polyethylene envelopes. They are simultaneously irradiated in thermal reactors column (NUR Draria-Algiers) under a neutron flux of 3.4x1012n/cm²/s. The radioactivity of the samples is measured using a spectrometry chain (hyper pure germanium detector Hp/Ge). Gamma () spectrum is presented in the energy range between 100keV and 2000keV. The detected elements are: Ni, Al, Ti, Cu, Mn, In, Ta, Ce, Sm, Eu, Np, Yb, Gd, and Lu. The digital processing of the images obtained by the neutron radiography shows that in the Nd-Fe-B matrix, the distribution of elements is homogeneous. The SEM micrographics show three different phases of contrasts: light, gray and black which correspond to Nd, Fe, and B. In a second step the powder is dissolved in hydrochloric acid solution. We add an oxalic acid solution to precipitate Nd as neodymium oxalate. The identification of the most intense peaks in the XRD spectrum shows the presence of a single compound which hydrated neodymium oxalate chemical formula Nd2(C2O4)3.10H2O. Its purity is measured by neutron activation analysis. The counting of γ spectrum shows that the purity of the precipitate is higher than 99%. Then, the thermal decomposition transforms this powder to neodymium oxide. After the reduction we obtain pure neodymium. The analytical balance shows that this magnet contains 26% of neodymium.&nbsp