Are there really conformal frames? Uniqueness of affine inflation

Here we concisely review the nonminimal coupling dynamics of a single scalar field in the context of purely affine gravity and extend the study to multifield dynamics. The coupling is performed via an affine connection and its associated curvature without referring to any metric tensor. The latter arises a posteriori and it may gain an emergent character like the scale of gravity. What is remarkable in affine gravity is the transition from nonminimal to minimal couplings which is realized by only field redefinition of the scalar fields. Consequently, the inflationary models gain a unique description in this context where the observed parameters, like the scalar tilt and the tensor-to-scalar ratio, are invariant under field reparametrization. Overall, gravity in its affine approach is expected to reveal interesting and rich phenomenology in cosmology and astroparticle physics.Comment: Review Article: matches the published version in IJMPD, 44 pages, 1 table and 2 figure

Separate Einstein-Eddington Spaces and the Cosmological Constant

Based on Eddington affine variational principle on a locally product manifold, we derive the separate Einstein space described by its Ricci tensor. The derived field equations split into two field equations of motion that describe two maximally symmetric spaces with two cosmological constants. We argue that the invariance of the bi-field equations under projections on the separate spaces, may render one of the cosmological constants to zero. We also formulate the model in the presence of a scalar field. The resulted separate Einstein-Eddington spaces maybe considered as two states that describe the universe before and after inflation. A possibly interesting affine action for a general perfect fluid is also proposed. It turns out that the condition which leads to zero cosmological constant in the vacuum case, eliminates here the effects of the gravitational mass density of the perfect fluid, and the dynamic of the universe in its final state is governed by only the inertial mass density of the fluid.Comment: Accepted in Annalen der Physik journal. 7 pages, typos correcte

Eddington's Gravity in Immersed Spacetime

We formulate Eddington's affine gravity in a spacetime which is immersed in a larger eight dimensional space endowed with a hypercomplex structure. The dynamical equation of the first immersed Ricci-type tensor leads to gravitational field equations which include matter. We also study the dynamical effects of the second Ricci-type tensor when added to the Lagrangian density. A simple Lagrangian density constructed from combination of the standard Ricci tensor and a new tensor field that appears due to the immersion, leads to gravitational equations in which the vacuum energy gravitates with a different cosmological strength as in Phys. Rev. D {\bf 90}, 064017 (2014), rather than with Newton's constant. As a result, the tiny observed curvature is reproduced due to large hierarchies rather than fine-tuning

Removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals using low pressure reverse osmosis membrane

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are one of the major focuses of contaminants in current environmental issues, as they can cause adverse health effects on animals and human, particularly to endocrine function. The objective of this study was to remove a specific group of EDCs (i.e molecular weight range 228 to 288 g/mol) using low pressure reverse osmosis membrane (LPROM). A multi-layer thin-film composite of aromatic polyamide (ES20) membrane and a C10-T cross flow module of LPROM manufactured by Nitto Denko Company was used in this study. The effects of operating parameters, i.e. pH, operating pressure, concentration and temperature were observed using a design of experiment based on MINITABTM software. The analysis of results was conducted by factorial analysis (FA) and response surface analysis (RSA). It was found that LPROM has been effectively applied to remove pentachlorophenol (PCP) (more than 83%), 17ß-estradiol (more than 87%) and bisphenol-A (BPA) (more than 87%). For permeate flux, both PCP and 17ß-estradiol tests produce excellent flux rate; i.e. 23.8 L/m2.h and 22.9 L/m2.h, respectively. For BPA, the permeate flux produced was slightly lower (19.1 L/m2.h) due to its physical-chemical properties effect at various levels of the recovery rate. In this study, the percentage of rejection was increased with the increased of pH and concentration of compounds. The flux was observed to increase with the increase of operating pressure. This study also investigated the interaction effects between operating parameters involved. In addition, statistical models were developed to represent the performance of LPROM under two response parameters, i.e. percentage of EDCs rejection and permeate flux. Statistical models were then validated using One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) design of experiments and comparisons were made to better understand the trend of EDCs rejection and permeate flux

Induced Affine Inflation

Induced gravity, metrical gravity in which gravitational constant arises from vacuum expectation value of a heavy scalar, is known to suffer from Jordan frame vs. Einstein frame ambiguity, especially in inflationary dynamics. Induced gravity in affine geometry, as we show here, leads to an emergent metric and gravity scale, with no Einstein-Jordan ambiguity. While gravity is induced by the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field, nonzero vacuum energy facilitates generation of the metric. Our analysis shows that induced gravity results in a relatively large tensor-to-scalar ratio in both metrical and affine gravity setups. However, the fact remains that the induced affine gravity provides an ambiguity-free framework.Comment: 7 pages, 1 table and 3 figures, matches the published versio

Real valued negative selection for anomaly detection in wireless ad hoc networks

Wireless ad hoc network is one of the network technologies that have gained lots of attention from computer scientists for the future telecommunication applications. However it has inherits the major vulnerabilities from its ancestor (i.e., the fixed wired networks) but cannot inherit all the conventional intrusion detection capabilities due to its features and characteristics. Wireless ad hoc network has the potential to become the de facto standard for future wireless networking because of its open medium and dynamic features. Non-infrastructure network such as wireless ad hoc networks are expected to become an important part of 4G architecture in the future. In this paper, we study the use of an Artificial Immune System (AIS) as anomaly detector in a wireless ad hoc network. The main goal of our research is to build a system that can learn and detect new and unknown attacks. To achieve our goal, we studied how the real-valued negative selection algorithm can be applied in wireless ad hoc network network and finally we proposed the enhancements to real-valued negative selection algorithm for anomaly detection in wireless ad hoc network

Facies and Reservoir Characteristics of Cross-Bedded and Plane-Bedded Sandstone

Analysis of sedimentary and petrophysic properties for outcrops at Nyalau Formation were carried out to establish its geological and reservoir qualities. This was done with respect to the fact that most onshore geological formations nearby substantial hydrocarbon sources are studied for better delineation of the basin (Joanna M. Ajdukiewicz, 2010). Consequently cross-bedded structure has always represented a large fraction of sandstone reservoirs (M.E. Lord, 1989). At the geological site, various sedimentary properties are inferred individually for each beds. Such properties are then associated with facies model to define its depositional environment. Identification of these features requires skilled observations and measurements to be carried out at the outcrop; example includes dip-angle, lamina thickness, colour, mineralogy, and preliminary grain sorting. Besides these properties, sandstone distribution and lithology must also be recognized for bedforms fair sample size (D. Mikes, 2003). Moving on, samples are tested at lab facilities for sedimentary properties and petrophysic (Franz, 1985). Among the relevant test to be made are grain size / sorting test, porosity test (digital helium porosimeter), permeability test (multi-phase flow permeametry) Due to lack of time and resources, bed and boundary effects as well as heterogeneities effect are neglected, only focusing on the clean, most homogeneous sandstone sample available. The result for petrology was however inconclusive due to erroneous sample, allowing only facies model analysed linked with permeability qualities from mathematical correlation. Finally, the outcome was made in terms of reservoir qualities established as Good for both site studied. Conclusively the Samling outcrop offers a very good facies for sandstone reservoir formation due to clean HCS bed as well as wavy laminated sandstone. Its boundaries are often shale-mudstone or heterolithic which will become the no-flow trap. As for Kg Sg Plan, the outcrop has thicker clean sandstone layer. Another sandstone layer has mud clast heterogeneities thus will definitely hamper flow properties. It is therefore important to distinguish the heterogeneities and the continuity of the clean sandstone bed with respect to other potential no-flow zones

Design, Develop And Perform Robustness Test Of Analyzer2 ver2

Software known as Analyzer2 was already been designed to facilitate predictive maintenance and asset management system in PETRONAS Penapisan Terengganu (PPTSB). The idea is to design and develop a new version of Analyze? software and test it so that it can be shared among other PETRONAS Operating Unit. The objective of this project is mainly to verify the 6 algorithms used in old version of Analyze2 Software through research and discussion