Comparative Study of Heavy Metals in Dried and Fluid Milk in Peshawar by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Various essential and toxic heavy metals (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) contents in various types of dried (infant formula and powdered) and fluid (fresh and processed) cow milk were assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The milk samples were collected from local markets of different parts of Peshawar city, Pakistan. Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly depending upon the type of milk. The heavy metal concentrations in most of the samples were within normal and permissible ranges. It was observed that the samples contained considerable amounts of calcium, while magnesium levels were well above the required levels. The results also revealed that copper levels were slightly lower than the permissible limits. The concentration of zinc in dried milk samples was greater than the values for the liquid milk types. Infant milk formulae had higher iron levels as compared to other milk samples because of the added constituents. Significant differences were observed in the mean values of manganese and cadmium in different types of milk. The toxic metals were within the acceptable limits and did not show significant levels leading to toxicity

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

ساحرِ بے نشاں جو مشرق کا آقا نہیں تھا (ن ۔م راشد کا تصورِ مشرق)

In modern Urdu poetry, N-M-Rashid holds a significant place in the field of writing poems. In his poetry, he not only discussed the contemporary bitterness and brutalities of Colonialism but also analyzes the imbalance of power between the East and the West. He opines that the people of the East are ungifted in terms of their rights and their thought and action is devoid of freedom. It is because the strings of their thought and action are controlled by the Westerners, who hold the Easterners hostages for their personal gains, the facilitator of these actions lie among those in the East. The poet has advised his countrymen to abstain from the regretful longing of the fast, age old bad traditions and misinterpretation of religion. His poetry is beautifully adorned with symbolism, effective characterization and insightful historical references

مارکیز اور اردو فکشن کے سماجی و ثقافتی اظہاریے: تقابلی جائزہ

A writer, belongs to any region of world, conscientiously observes the changing situation around him and describes it through his thoughts. His writings beautifully amalgamate reality and surrealism. Gabriel García Márquez (Born March 6, 1927 and Died April 17, 2014)reflected profoundly on the political, social life and culture of Latin America (Colombia) in his works. The realities portrayed in his writings bear an incredibly striking resemblance to our region. Renowned Urdu literature authors have taken the contemporary situation as a subject, signifying that a writer, no matter which part of the world they belong to, or what language they speak, raises their voice in righteousness against the injustices and tyrannical forces of their region and era. Their voice is often laden with pain, and this creative journey continues and sustains, always illuminating the hope of a bright morning, perpetually awakening the spirit of endeavour and struggle

مشرق بطور مغرب کی بازیافت (احساسِ برتری، نفرت و تضحیک، متوازن)

East and West are no geographical boundaries but symbols of two different mindsets and attitudes. Descriptive / explained boundaries are decided on the basis of civilization between East and West and this division was created when Europeans broke their relation / link from the concept of reality in the reign of Renaissance. At the same time, they did not hesitate to violate and destroy the history, culture, independence and greatness of East to create/widen their States and impose their powers. As a result of this, people of East especially of Indian sub-continent became a victim of complex. In this article, different opinions will be understood about East as regain of West in the light of sense of superiority, hatred or humiliation and balance.  </p

Hundred common forest medicinal plants of Karnataka in primary healthcare

90-95The hilly regions of Western Ghat in Karnataka supported to have several thousands of medicinal plants along with other rich flora and fauna. It also helped to develop traditional knowledge and folklore of medicine to cure various diseases and ailments. This knowledge is used by supplier, agents and pharmaceuticals to exploit the rich forest resource in the form of raw drugs. The collection of drugs from natural condition is helping to generate employment to the families, which are living below the poverty line in the cover of forest. From the available, commonly available and regular in use medicinal plants of forests were selected for the study. Information was collected from local people, Vaidyas, physicians and literature about plant name, family, local name, Sanskrit name, parts used and uses to cure various health related problem

Impact of School Enrolment Size on Student’s Achievements

Education is a basic need of humanity and key element for the development of a nation. The population is increasing day by day and the main problem of education particularly in primary education is the increasing of number of students in the schools. So, the enrolment size of schools is increasing consistently. The effect of school enrolment size on the student’s achievement has been a major factor for the failure of the education system especially primary education. The purpose of this research is to discover the possible relations between the school enrolment size and student’s achievements. The data of four primary schools namely GPS Gaggu, GPS Samina, GPS Tagiani and GPS Yaroo has been selected to check the effect of school enrolment size on the student’s achievements. The results of the study indicate that as the enrolment size increased in the school, the achievements of the student’s decreased and vice versa

Medico-botanical survey of <i style="">Kumar parvatha</i> Kukke Subramanya, Mangalore, Karnataka

96-99A Medico-botanical survey was conducted in Kumar Parvatha, at Kukke Subramanya in Sullia taluk during December 2005. A standard methodology was followed for documentation of 44 plant species being extensively being used for curing various human ailments

PERFORMANCE OF LATE SOWN WHEAT IN RESPONSE TO FOLIAR APPLICATION OF Moringa oleifera Lam. LEAF EXTRACT

A rise in temperature during early spring inducing early maturity is a key yield-reducing factor in late sown wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves are rich in zeatin, a cytokinin that plays a role in delaying leaf senescence, in addition to other growth-enhancing compounds such as ascorbates, phenolics, and minerals. The objective of this study was to optimize dose and optimum growth stage for foliar-applied moringa leaf extract (MLE) and its role in delaying leaf senescence in late sown wheat. The wheat crop was sown on 16 December 2008; MLE (diluted 30 times) was applied at different growth stages from tillering to heading and heading alone and distilled water was sprayed as a control. All the MLE treatment results were better than the control. However, an increase of 10.73%, 6.00%, 10.70%, and 4.00% was evident in 1000 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index, respectively, with MLE spray at tillering + jointing + booting + heading. The MLE spray used only at heading gave 6.84%, 3.17%, 6.80%, and 3.51% more than the control 1000 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index, respectively. The MLE extended seasonal leaf area duration (Seasonal LAD) by 9.22 and 6.45 d over the control when applied at all growth stages and a single spray at heading, respectively. We conclude that it is possible that the presence of growth-promoting substances in MLE foliar spray can delay crop maturity and extend seasonal LAD and the grain-filling period, thereby leading to greater seed and biological yields in late sown wheat

Arsenic and fluoride removal by potato peel and rice husk (PPRH) ash in aqueous environments

Finding appropriate adsorbent may improve the quality of drinking water in those regions where arsenic (As) and fluoride (F(-)) are present in geological formations. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of potato peel and rice husk ash (PPRH-ash) derived adsorbent for the removal of arsenic and fluoride from contaminated water. Evaluation was done in batch adsorption experiments and the effect of pH, initial adsorbate concentration, contact time and adsorbent dose were studied. The characterization of adsorbents were done using scanning electron micropcope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models fitted well for F(-) and As sorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of adsorbent for As and F(-) were 2.17 μg g(-1) and 2.91 mg g(-1) respectively. The optimum As and F(-) removal was observed between pH 7 and 9. The sorption process was well explained with pseudo-second order kinetic model. The As adsorption was not decreased in the presence of carbonate and sulfate. Results from this study demonstrated potential utility of this agricultural biowaste which could be developed into a viable filtration technology for As and F(-) removal in As- and F-contaminated water streams