Djelovanje mono-kvaternernih i bis-kvaternernih piridinijumskih oksima na akutnu toksičnost i antiholinesterazno djelovanje karbarila, dioksakarba i karbofurana

The acute toxicities of insecticidal carbamates (Dioxacarb, Carbaryl and Carbofuran) were determined in mice by s. c. or i. p. injection, both in the absence and in the presence of atropine and several pyridinium oximes. Atropine had a beneficial effect on the toxicity of all the three carbamates, while the oximes varied in their effects. In the case of Carbaryl all oximes used increased its toxicity, while in Dioxacarb and Carbofuran poisoning some of them were effective. It was found that the oximes do not influence the action of carbamates on the activity of serum cholinesterase in vitro, in a way which could explain their effect on the toxicity of these compounds. It is concluded, that the use of oximes is contraindicated in cases of intoxication with Carbaryl, Dioxacarb and Carbofuran.Ispitana je akutna toksičnost karbamatnih insekticida dioksarba, karbarila i karbofurana (LD-50) s. c. ili i. p., sa simultanom primjenom atropina ili bez nje i nekoliko piridinijumskih oksima. Atropin je pokazao povoljan efekat u trovanjima sa sva tri karbamata, dok je djelovanje oksima bilo različito. U trovanjima karbarilom i karbofuranom gotovo svi oksimi su potencirali njihovo toksično djelovanje, dok su u trovanju dioksakarbom neki bili djelotvorni. Oksimi ne utiču na inhibiciju holinesteraze in vitro ovim karbamatima na način kojim bi se moglo rastumačiti njihovo in vivo djelovanje. Na temelju eksperimenata je zaključena da je upotreba oksima u trovanju karbarilom, dioksakarbom i karbofuranom kontraindikovana

Predominance of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in tertiary hospital in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Klebsiella pneumoniae, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, demonstrates an increasing trend of resistance to carbapenems and is a common cause of both hospital- and community-acquired infections. The current study provides insights into the genetic characterization of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates circulating during 2022 in a Sarajevo tertiary hospital. Among the 87 CRKP strains analyzed, real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) results showed that 85 (97.7%) tested positive for the carbapenem resistance gene. The oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) gene was detected in 83 (95.4%) isolates, while the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) genes were detected in one isolate each. No Verona integron-encoded-metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) or imipenemase-metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (IMP-1) genes were found in any of the tested isolates. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of sequence types (STs) revealed that ST101, an emerging high-risk clone exhibiting extensive drug resistance, was the most prevalent, whereas ST307 was detected in only one isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of the ten CRKP isolates indicated the presence of three clusters that could constitute an outbreak. A comparison of the results of the utilized phenotypic test (the combined-disk test [CDT]) and rtPCR showed high concordance, suggesting that the phenotypic assay may be useful for the early detection of resistance mechanisms as part of routine susceptibility testing. With the increased affordability of next-generation sequencing (NGS), its application in hospital settings has proven highly beneficial, aiding in the implementation of infection control and prevention measures. Given the significant resistance demonstrated by the CRKP isolates to most tested antibiotics, it is imperative to establish effective methods to restrict the spread of these isolates, as well as to carefully monitor the use of carbapenems in clinical practice