Cambios en la presión arterial media y frecuencia cardíaca según las diferentes posiciones del manguito con respecto a la línea media longitudinal del cuerpo

Mean blood pressure and heart rate are parameters that are affected directly by the position of the sleeve with respect to the longitudinal median line of the body. Due to the different positions of the sleeve, the hydrostatic column and gravity affect the venous return, which is regulated by the baroreflex. The average blood pressure increases when the cuff is hanging from the table and decreases when the cuff is found in a position of 90 ° with respect to the longitudinal line of the body (F = 6.48; g.l = 2-39; P = 0.0037). The heart rate is the same regardless of the position of the cuff (F = 0.60, g.l = 2-39, p = 0.55). The position of the cuff is of clinical importance, that without a correct position of this, the gravity and the hydrostatic column will affect the values ​​of both the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate and consequently, the Patient assessment.La presión arterial media y la frecuencia cardiaca son parámetros que se ven afectadosdirectamente por la posición del manguito con respecto a la línea media longitudinal del cuerpo.Ante las diferentes posiciones del manguito, la columna hidrostática y la gravedad afectan elretorno venoso, el cual es regulado por el barorreflejo. La presión arterial media aumentacuando el manguito se encuentra colgando de la camilla y disminuye cuando el manguito seencuentra en una posición de 90° con respecto a la línea longitudinal del cuerpo (F= 6,48;g.l= 2-39; P= 0,0037). La frecuencia cardiaca es igual independientemente de la posición delmanguito (F= 0,60; g.l= 2-39; p= 0,55). La posición del manguito tiene importancia clínica, yaque sin una posición correcta de este, la gravedad y la columna hidrostática van a afectar losvalores tanto de la presión arterial media como la frecuencia cardiaca y consecuentemente, lavaloración del paciente

Soil resistance and recovery during Neotropical forest succession

The recovery of soil conditions is crucial for successful ecosystem restoration and, hence, for achieving the goals of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Here, we assess how soils resist forest conversion and agricultural land use, and how soils recover during subsequent tropical forest succession on abandoned agricultural fields. Our overarching question is how soil resistance and recovery depend on local conditions such as climate, soil type, and land-use history. For 300 plots in 21 sites across the Neotropics, we used a chonosequence approach in which we sampled soils from two depths in old-growth forests, agricultural fields (i.e., crop fields and pastures), and secondary forests that differ in age (1-95 years) since abandonment. We measured six soil properties using a standardized sampling design and lab analyses. Soil resistance strongly depended on local conditions. Croplands and sites on high-activity clay (i.e. high fertility) show strong increases in bulk density, and decreases in pH, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during deforestation and subsequent agricultural use. Resistance is lower in such sites probably because of a sharp decline in fine root biomass in croplands in the upper soil layers, and a decline in litter input from formerly productive old-growth forest (on high-activity clays). Soil recovery also strongly depended on local conditions. During forest succession, high-activity clays and croplands decreased most strongly in bulk density and increased in C and N, possibly because of strongly compacted soils with low C and N after cropland abandonment, and because of rapid vegetation recovery in high-activity clays leading to greater fine root growth and litter input. Furthermore, sites at low precipitation decreased in pH, whereas sites at high precipitation increased in N and decreased in C:N ratio. Extractable phosphorus (P) did not recover during succession, suggesting increased P limitation as forests age. These results indicate that no single solution exists for effective soil restoration, and that local site conditions should determine the restoration strategies