Etude du rôle des sidérophores microbiens dans la modulation des défenses de la plante Arabidopsis thaliana

Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms, however, it is not bioavailable and is toxic in its free form as it generates reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction. To obtain iron, microorganisms secrete small molecules named siderophores with very high affinity for Fe3 +. Siderophores are required for the pathogenesis of several pathogens on animals or plants, but they also are elicitors of defenses. Previous work has shown that siderophores activate defenses and iron deficiency response genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The activation of defense responses by the siderophore requires a physiological level of iron in the plant indicating that iron is involved in the activation of this process. In my thesis, the global response of the plant A. thaliana to the siderophore deferrioxamine (DFO) has been studied by a transcriptomic approach. The results obtained show that the main process being activated is immunity. By using different iron chelating agents, I have shown that the iron chelation effect is responsible for the activation of immunity. The siderophore treatment also causes disturbance in the homeostasis of iron and other metals in the plant. In an irt1 mutant affected in the transport of heavy metals including iron, activation of defenses by the DFO is compromised. In addition, I studied the effect of iron status of the plant on its susceptibility to the pathogenic bacteria Dickeya dadantii and on the expression of defenses. It appears that iron is required for the establishment of several defense processes in response to D. dadantii. The iron deficient plants are more resistant to infection. A physiological amount of iron in the plant is required for bacterial growth and for expression of the virulence factors, pectate lyases. Iron staining by the Perls' -DAB - H2O2 method shows that low abundance of this metal in plant tissue coincides with the presence of bacteria, which contain high amounts of iron. Overall, our results show that iron is required in the defense arsenal of the plant but it is also a limiting factor for the infectious cycle of D. dadantii.Le fer est un élément essentiel pour presque tous les êtres vivants cependant, il est peu biodisponible et est toxique dans sa forme libre car il engendre des formes réactives de l'oxygène via la réaction de Fenton. Pour se procurer le fer, les microorganismes sécrètent de petites molécules nommées sidérophores ayant une très forte affinité pour Fe3+. Les sidérophores sont requis pour la pathogénie de plusieurs agents pathogènes sur hôtes animaux ou végétaux, mais ce sont également des éliciteurs de défense. Des travaux antérieurs ont montré que les sidérophores activent les défenses et les gènes de réponse à la carence en fer chez Arabidopsis thaliana. L’activation de réponses de défense par le sidérophore requiert un niveau physiologique de fer dans la plante indiquant que le fer participe à la mise en place de ce processus. Au cours de ma thèse, les réponses globales de la plante A. thaliana au sidérophore deferrioxamine (DFO) ont été étudiées par une approche transcriptome. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le principal processus activé est l’immunité. En utilisant des chélateurs de fer différents, j’ai montré que l’effet chélation du fer est responsable de l’activation de l’immunité. Le traitement sidérophore provoque également une perturbation de l’homéostasie du fer et d’autres métaux dans la plante. Dans un mutant irt1 affecté dans le transport de plusieurs métaux lourds dont le fer, l’activation des défenses par la DFO est compromise. Par ailleurs, j’ai étudié l’effet du statut en fer de la plante sur sa sensibilité à la bactérie pathogène Dickeya dadantii et sur l’expression des défenses. Il apparait que le fer est requis pour la mise en place de plusieurs processus de défense en réponse à D. dadantii. Les plantes carencées en fer sont plus résistantes à l’infection. Une quantité de fer physiologique dans la plante est requise pour la multiplication bactérienne et pour l’expression des facteurs de pathogénie, les pectate lyases. Le marquage du fer par la méthode Perls’-DAB-H2O2 montre que celui–ci est très peu abondant dans les tissues végétaux contenant les bactéries qui, elles, sont chargées de fer. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats montrent que le fer est requis dans l’arsenal défensif de la plante mais qu’il est également un facteur limitant pour le cycle infectieux de D. dadantii

Study of the role of microbial siderophores in modulating immunity from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Le fer est un élément essentiel pour presque tous les êtres vivants cependant, il est peu biodisponible et est toxique dans sa forme libre car il engendre des formes réactives de l'oxygène via la réaction de Fenton. Pour se procurer le fer, les microorganismes sécrètent de petites molécules nommées sidérophores ayant une très forte affinité pour Fe3+. Les sidérophores sont requis pour la pathogénie de plusieurs agents pathogènes sur hôtes animaux ou végétaux, mais ce sont également des éliciteurs de défense. Des travaux antérieurs ont montré que les sidérophores activent les défenses et les gènes de réponse à la carence en fer chez Arabidopsis thaliana. L’activation de réponses de défense par le sidérophore requiert un niveau physiologique de fer dans la plante indiquant que le fer participe à la mise en place de ce processus. Au cours de ma thèse, les réponses globales de la plante A. thaliana au sidérophore deferrioxamine (DFO) ont été étudiées par une approche transcriptome. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le principal processus activé est l’immunité. En utilisant des chélateurs de fer différents, j’ai montré que l’effet chélation du fer est responsable de l’activation de l’immunité. Le traitement sidérophore provoque également une perturbation de l’homéostasie du fer et d’autres métaux dans la plante. Dans un mutant irt1 affecté dans le transport de plusieurs métaux lourds dont le fer, l’activation des défenses par la DFO est compromise. Par ailleurs, j’ai étudié l’effet du statut en fer de la plante sur sa sensibilité à la bactérie pathogène Dickeya dadantii et sur l’expression des défenses. Il apparait que le fer est requis pour la mise en place de plusieurs processus de défense en réponse à D. dadantii. Les plantes carencées en fer sont plus résistantes à l’infection. Une quantité de fer physiologique dans la plante est requise pour la multiplication bactérienne et pour l’expression des facteurs de pathogénie, les pectate lyases. Le marquage du fer par la méthode Perls’-DAB-H2O2 montre que celui–ci est très peu abondant dans les tissues végétaux contenant les bactéries qui, elles, sont chargées de fer. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats montrent que le fer est requis dans l’arsenal défensif de la plante mais qu’il est également un facteur limitant pour le cycle infectieux de D. dadantii.Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms, however, it is not bioavailable and is toxic in its free form as it generates reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction. To obtain iron, microorganisms secrete small molecules named siderophores with very high affinity for Fe3 +. Siderophores are required for the pathogenesis of several pathogens on animals or plants, but they also are elicitors of defenses. Previous work has shown that siderophores activate defenses and iron deficiency response genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The activation of defense responses by the siderophore requires a physiological level of iron in the plant indicating that iron is involved in the activation of this process. In my thesis, the global response of the plant A. thaliana to the siderophore deferrioxamine (DFO) has been studied by a transcriptomic approach. The results obtained show that the main process being activated is immunity. By using different iron chelating agents, I have shown that the iron chelation effect is responsible for the activation of immunity. The siderophore treatment also causes disturbance in the homeostasis of iron and other metals in the plant. In an irt1 mutant affected in the transport of heavy metals including iron, activation of defenses by the DFO is compromised. In addition, I studied the effect of iron status of the plant on its susceptibility to the pathogenic bacteria Dickeya dadantii and on the expression of defenses. It appears that iron is required for the establishment of several defense processes in response to D. dadantii. The iron deficient plants are more resistant to infection. A physiological amount of iron in the plant is required for bacterial growth and for expression of the virulence factors, pectate lyases. Iron staining by the Perls' -DAB - H2O2 method shows that low abundance of this metal in plant tissue coincides with the presence of bacteria, which contain high amounts of iron. Overall, our results show that iron is required in the defense arsenal of the plant but it is also a limiting factor for the infectious cycle of D. dadantii

Immunity to plant pathogens and iron homeostasis

International audienceIron is essential for metabolic processes in most living organisms. Pathogens and their hosts often compete for the acquisition of this nutrient. However, iron can catalyze the formation of deleterious reactive oxygen species. Hosts may use iron to increase local oxidative stress in defense responses against pathogens. Due to this duality, iron plays a complex role in plant-pathogen interactions. Plant defenses against pathogens and plant response to iron deficiency share several features, such as secretion of phenolic compounds, and use common hormone signaling pathways. Moreover, fine tuning of iron localization during infection involves genes coding iron transport and iron storage proteins, which have been shown to contribute to immunity. The influence of the plant iron status on the outcome of a given pathogen attack is strongly dependent on the nature of the pathogen infection strategy and on the host species. Microbial siderophores emerged as important factors as they have the ability to trigger plant defense responses. Depending on the plant species, siderophore perception can be mediated by their strong iron scavenging capacity or possibly via specific recognition as pathogen associated molecular patterns. This review highlights that iron has a key role in several plant-pathogen interactions by modulating immunity

The Nucleus-Encoded trans-Acting Factor MCA1 Plays a Critical Role in the Regulation of Cytochrome f Synthesis in Chlamydomonas Chloroplasts[W]

This work shows that MCA1, required for the expression of cytochrome f, is degraded by proteolysis upon interaction with unassembled cytochrome f. MCA1 proteolysis appears to be critical for the assembly-dependent regulation of cytochrome f synthesis, known as Control by Epistasy of Synthesis, which tightly couples its expression to that of its assembly partners

Gene stacking of multiple traits for high yield of fermentable sugars in plant biomass.

BackgroundSecond-generation biofuels produced from biomass can help to decrease dependency on fossil fuels, bringing about many economic and environmental benefits. To make biomass more suitable for biorefinery use, we need a better understanding of plant cell wall biosynthesis. Increasing the ratio of C6 to C5 sugars in the cell wall and decreasing the lignin content are two important targets in engineering of plants that are more suitable for downstream processing for second-generation biofuel production.ResultsWe have studied the basic mechanisms of cell wall biosynthesis and identified genes involved in biosynthesis of pectic galactan, including the GALS1 galactan synthase and the UDP-galactose/UDP-rhamnose transporter URGT1. We have engineered plants with a more suitable biomass composition by applying these findings, in conjunction with synthetic biology and gene stacking tools. Plants were engineered to have up to fourfold more pectic galactan in stems by overexpressing GALS1, URGT1, and UGE2, a UDP-glucose epimerase. Furthermore, the increased galactan trait was engineered into plants that were already engineered to have low xylan content by restricting xylan biosynthesis to vessels where this polysaccharide is essential. Finally, the high galactan and low xylan traits were stacked with the low lignin trait obtained by expressing the QsuB gene encoding dehydroshikimate dehydratase in lignifying cells.ConclusionThe results show that approaches to increasing C6 sugar content, decreasing xylan, and reducing lignin content can be combined in an additive manner. Thus, the engineered lines obtained by this trait-stacking approach have substantially improved properties from the perspective of biofuel production, and they do not show any obvious negative growth effects. The approach used in this study can be readily transferred to bioenergy crop plants

Bulletin de la Société pour la protection des paysages de France

novembre 19111911/11 (N48,A10)-1911/11