Vibrational Study and Crystal Structure of Barium Cesium Cyclotriphosphate Dihydrate

Chemical preparation, crystal structure, thermal behavior, and IR studies are reported for the barium cesium cyclotriphosphate dihydrate BaCsP3O9.2H2O and its anhydrous form BaCs4(PO3)6. BaCsP3O9.2H2O, isotypic to BaTlP3O9.2H2O and BaNH4P3O9.2H2O, is monoclinic P21/n with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 7.6992(2)Å, b = 12.3237(3)Å, c = 11.8023(3)Å, α = 90 (2)°, β = 101.18(5)°, γ = 90. (3)°, and Z = 4. The total dehydration of BaCsP3O9.2H2O is between 100°C and 580°C. The IR absorption spectroscopy spectrum for the crystal confirms that most of the vibrational modes are comparable to similar cyclotriphosphates and to the calculated frequencies. The thermal properties reveal that the compound is stable until 90°C

Reactive extraction of solid coconut waste to produce biodiesel

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced using transesterification method where edible or non edible oil and alcohol reacts in the presence of catalyst. Biodiesel is expensive than fossil fuels because of higher raw material and production costs. Solid coconut waste is an alternative raw material from waste and suitable for biodiesel production to lower the production cost. Solid coconut waste is produced after coconut milk extraction and may still contain 17-24. wt extractable oil content. This study introduces reactive extraction of solid coconut waste for biodiesel production. Effects of catalyst amount, KOH (0.8-2.0), temperature (55-65. °C) and mixing intensity (500-900. rpm) were studied to optimize the reactive extraction. Based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the optimum condition was found to be 2.0. wt of KOH catalyst, 700. rpm of mixing intensity and reaction temperature, 62. °C where resulted in 88.5 of biodiesel yield

High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: a review

The continuous increasing demand for energy and the diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel is best substitute for petro-diesel and also most advantageous over petro-diesel for its environmental friendliness. The quality of biodiesel fuel was found to be significant for its successful use on compression ignition engines and subsequent replacement of non-renewable fossil fuels. Conventional biodiesel separation and purification technologies were noticed to yield lower quality biodiesel fuel with resultant excessive energy and water consumptions. Membrane technology showed more potential for effective and efficient separation and purification of biodiesel. This technology need be explored for the attainment of better quality biodiesel fuels. This paper reviews the technologies used for the biodiesel separation and purification, biodiesel quality, and its effects on diesel engines. Biodiesel biodegradability, lubricity, stability, economic importance, and gaseous emissions have been discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Biodiesel production from solid coconut waste

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced using transesterification method where edible or non edible oil and alcohol reacts in the presence of catalyst. Biodiesel is expensive than fossil fuels because of higher raw material and production costs. Solid coconut waste is an alternative raw material from waste and suitable for biodiesel production to lower the production cost. Solid coconut waste was produced after coconut milk extraction and may still contain up to 24 wt% extractable oil content. This study introduces in situ transesterification of solid coconut waste for biodiesel production with the addition of co-solvents, n-hexane and petroleum ether to improve and reduce the cost of biodiesel production. Effect of co-solvents, temperature (55- 65°C), mixing intensity (500-800 rpm), amount of n-hexane based on methanol volume (5 %, 7.5 %, 10 % and 15 %) and methanol to waste ratio (7.5:1-10:1) were studied to optimize the in situ transesterification. The highest yield was achieved at 97 % with 2.0 % of catalyst, 15 % of n-hexane, mixing of 700 rpm, 10:1 methanol to waste ratio and reaction temperature of 55°C for 3-hour

Optimization and modeling of extraction of solid coconut waste oil

Solid coconut waste was produced after coconut milk extraction process and may still contain up to 24 wt. oil content. In this work, extraction of oil from coconut waste using batch and soxhlet extractor was studied. Effect of particle size diameter, type of solvent and solvent to solid ratio on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters; entropy, enthalpy and free energy of extraction were investigated. The maximum oil yields for soxhlet and batch reactor were 23.6 at 80 degrees C and 21.9 at 65 degrees C, respectively for particle size diameter <0.5 mm when hexane was used as solvent. The kinetic of coconut waste oil extraction was found to be a first order mass transfer model. The Delta G, Delta S and Delta H values were 10.94-13.35 kJ/mol, 33.10-39.57 J/mol K and 0.12-1.25 kJ/mol, respectively shows that the extraction process was spontaneous, irreversible and endothermic based on thermodynamic parameters

Coconut waste as a source for biodiesel production

Biodiesel industry needs a cheaper and economical viable raw material that can replace the currently used vegetable oil. Obtaining cheaper raw materials are one of the continuous targets of many biodiesel producing facilities since 70 to 95 % of the production costs are attributed to raw materials. One of the main options is to use waste material from animal and plant sources. In this study, coconut waste is used to produce biodiesel using methanol and KOB. The oil content in coconut waste varies from 10-11 wt%. The highest yield, 64 % is achieved with 5 wt% of KOB within 3 hr by mixing raw material and methanol

Coconut waste as a source for biodiesel production

Biodiesel industry needs a cheaper and economical viable raw material that can replace the currently used vegetable oil. Obtaining cheaper raw materials are one of the continuous targets of many biodiesel producing facilities since 70 to 95 % of the production costs are attributed to raw materials. One of the main options is to use waste material from animal and plant sources. In this study, coconut waste is used to produce biodiesel using methanol and KOB. The oil content in coconut waste varies from 10-11 wt%. The highest yield, 64 % is achieved with 5 wt% of KOB within 3 hr by mixing raw material and methanol

Refining technologies for the purification of crude biodiesel

In biodiesel production, downstream purification is an important step in the overall process. This article is a critical review of the most recent research findings pertaining to biodiesel refining technologies. Both conventional refining technologies and the most recent biodiesel membrane refining technology are reviewed. The results obtained through membrane purification showed some promise in term of biodiesel yield and quality. Also, membranes presented low water consumption and less wastewater discharges. Therefore, exploration and exploitation of membrane technology to purify crude biodiesel is necessary. Furthermore, the success of membrane technology in the purification of crude biodiesel could serve as a boost to both researchers and industries in an effort to achieve high purity and quality biodiesel fuel capable of replacing non-renewable fossil fuel, for wide range of applications. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon for transesterification of palm oil

In this study, potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon was developed for transesterification of palm oil. The Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, catalyst loading and methanol to oil molar ratio on the production of biodiesel using activated carbon supported catalyst. The highest yield was obtained at 64.1 °C reaction temperature, 30.3 wt. catalyst loading and 24:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. The physical and chemical properties of the produced biodiesel met the standard specifications. This study proves that activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide is an effective catalyst for transesterification of palm oil