Epizootiologija fascioloze u bivola držanih u različitim uvjetima.

Epidemiological studies were undertaken at slaughter houses, livestock farms, veterinary hospitals and on household buffaloes under the different climatic conditions existing in Punjab province. Infection rate was 25.59, 26.16, 13.7 and 10.5 per cent, respectively in slaughtered buffaloes, buffaloes at livestock farms, veterinary hospitals and in household buffaloes. Overall highest (24.0%) seasonal prevalence in all types of buffaloes was recorded during autumn, followed by spring (20.0%), winter (13.0%). While the lowest (9.0%) was recorded during summer. It was noticed that a higher infection rate was recorded in older buffaloes than in youngsters (below 2 years of age) where as sex showed no significant difference. Buffaloes of either sex are equally affected.Epizootiološka istraživanja fascioloze u bivola držanih pod različitim klimatskim uvjetima na području Punjaba provedena su na klaonicama, većim farmama, manjim seoskim gospodarstvima i na veterinarskim klinikama. Učestalost invazije u zaklanih bivola iznosila je 25,59%, u bivola s farmi 26,16%, veterinarskih klinika 13,7% te malih seoskih gospodarstava 10.5%. Najveća učestalost ustanovljena je u jesen (24,0%), zatim u proljeće (20,0%) te zimi (13,0%), dok je najmanji postotak invadiranih životinja (9,0%) utvrđen u ljetnom razdoblju. Istraživanjem je potvrđeno da su češće bile invadirane starije životinje. Nisu utvrđene razlike učestalosti po spolu

Usporedba djelotvornosti različitih biljnih i alopatskih pripravaka protiv fascioloze u bivola.

One hundred and eighty buffaloes were used in 18 controlled experiments to compare the efficacy of certain indigenous drugs, including Nigella sativa seeds, Fumaria parviflora aerial parts, Caesalpinia crista seeds, and Saussurea lappa roots with triclabendazole against fasciolosis. Efficacy was quantified by determining the difference of eggs per gram faeces (EPG) pre- and post-treatment. Nigella sativa seeds, after a single dose of 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg body mass, reduced EPG by 54.16, 57.4 and 58.33 per cent, respectively. After the second dose the respective reduction in EPG was 79.16, 80.85 and 81.25 per cent. Fumaria parviflora aerial parts at a rate of 40, 50 and 60 mg/kg body mass were 50.0, 57.44 and 78.72 per cent, respectively, whereas efficacy at two dose levels with the same dose rate was 82.6, 89.36 and 95.74 per cent, respectively. Caesalpinia crista seeds at 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg body mass were 48.9, 50.0 and 57.7 per cent effective, respectively, whereas efficacy at two dose levels was 80.0, 84.09 and 86.6 per cent, respectively. Saussurea lappa at a rate of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body mass was 46.6, 57.4 and 61.7 per cent effective, respectively, at one dose level and was 62.2, 72.3 and 78.7 per cent effective at two dose levels. Triclabendazole at one dose level at a rate of 10 mg/kg body mass was 82.6 per cent effective and at two dose levels it was 95.7 per cent effective. The efficacy order was triclabendazole, Fumaria parviflora, Caesalpinia crista, Nigella sativa, and Saussurea lappa. No side effects were noted due to the use of any of these plant-origin drugs.U osamnaest nadziranih pokusa bilo je uključeno 180 bivola, radi usporedbe djelotvornosti nekih biljnih pripravaka protiv fascioloze i triklabendazola. Od biljnih lijekova istražena je djelotvornost sjemenki biljke Nigella sativa, zračnih dijelova Fumaria parviflora, sjemenki Caesalpinia crista i korijenja Saussurea lappa. Djelotvornost je bila procijenjena na osnovi razlike u broju jajašaca po gramu fecesa (JGF) prije i poslije liječenja. Sjemenke Niggela sativa smanjile su JGF za 54,16% nakon jedne doze od 30 mg/kg tjelesne mase, za 57,4% nakon jedne doze od 40 mg/kg te za 58,33% nakon jedne doze od 50 mg/kg tjelesne mase. Nakon druge doze od 30, 40, ili 50 mg/kg tjelesne mase uočeno je smanjenje JGF za 79,16%, 80,85% i 81,25%. Zračni dijelovi Fumaria parviflora u količini od 40, 50 odnosno 60 mg/kg tjelesne mase smanjili su JGF za 50,0%, 57,44% odnosno 78,72%, dok je primjenom dvije doze u istim količinama smanjen JGF za 82,6%, 89,36% i 95,74%. Sjemenke Caesalpinia crista smanjile su JGF za 48,9% nakon jedne doze od 30 mg/kg tjelesne mase, za 50,0% nakon jedne doze od 40 mg/kg tjelesne mase te za 57,7% nakon jedne doze od 50 mg/kg tjelesne mase dok je smanjenje JGF nakon dvije doze od 30, 40 i 50 mg/kg tjelesne mase bilo za 80,0%, 84,09% i 86,6%. Primjena Saussurea lappa u količini od 50, 100 i 200 mg/kg tjelesne mase smanjila je JGF za 46,6%, 57,4% i 61,7% nakon jedne doze, a nakon dvije doze za 62,6%, 72,3% i 78,7%. Primjena jedne doze triklabendazola od 10 mg/kg tjelesne mase smanjila je JGF za 82,6%, a primjena dviju doza za 95,7%. Redoslijed učinkovitosti pretraženih pripravaka je sljedeći: triklabendazol, Fumaria parviflora, Caesalpinia crista, Nigella sativa i Saussurea lappa. Nikakve nuzpojave nisu zapažene kod primjene biljnih pripravaka

Epizootiološka istraživanja paramfistomoze u goveda

Epidemiological studies were undertaken at slaughter houses, live stock farms, veterinary hospitals and on household buffaloes under different management and climatic conditions in four different districts of the Punjab province. Infection rate was 7.83%, 12.33%, 7.17% and 4.25% respectively in the cattle at the slaughter house, live stock farm, veterinary hospital and at household cattle. Overall the highest prevalence in terms of season, 26% and 14.50%, was recorded during autumn at live stock farms and slaughtered cattle followed by 9.75% veterinary hospitals during summer and the lowest (2.5%) in household cattle was recorded during winter. It was observed that a higher infection rate was recorded in younger cattle (below two years of age) than older (above two years of age). Male cattle were more commonly affected than females. Snails belonging to genera Bulinus, Lymnaea and Planorbis were observed which are responsible for the transmission of paramphistomosis.Provedena su epizootiološka istraživanja paramfistomoze u goveda na klaonicama, farmama, veterinarskim klinikama i manjim gospodarstvima pod različitim uvjetima držanja i klime na području Punjaba. Invadiranost je istražena u četiri različite skupine goveda. Na klaonicama je pronađeno 7,83% invadiranih goveda, dok je na farmama taj broj bio nešto veći i iznosio je 12,33%. Među govedima na klinikama svega 7,17% životinja bilo je invadirano. Najmanji broj invadiranih goveda (4,25%) dokazan je u manjim gospodarstvima. U jesenjim mjesecima zabilježena je najveća učestalost u goveda s farmi (26%) i klaonica (14,50%). U goveda s klinika ljeti je dokazana učestalost od 9,75%. Najmanji broj invadiranih goveda dokazan je zimi u malim obiteljskim gospodarstvima (2,5%). Treba naglasiti da je najveća invadiranost zabilježena u goveda mlađih od 2 godine. Mužjaci su bili češće invadirani od ženki. Terenskim istraživanjima na istom području dokazani su posrednici, puževi iz rodova Bulinus, Lymnaea i Planorbis

Phosphorylated IκBα predicts poor prognosis in activated B-cell lymphoma and its inhibition with thymoquinone induces apoptosis via ROS release

Activated B-cell lymphoma (ABC), one of the three subtypes of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) has the worst survival rate after upfront chemotherapy and is characterized by constitutively activated NFκB. We therefore studied the role of NFκB In a cohort of clinical DLBCL samples and ABC cell lines. In our clinical tissue microarray cohort of DLBCL samples, p-IκBα was detected in 38.3% of ABC DLBCL and was an independent prognostic marker for poor survival. In vitro, we found that Thymoquinone (TQ), a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa caused release of ROS in ABC cells. TQ-mediated release of ROS in turn inhibited NFκB activity by dephosphorylating IκBα and decreased translocation of p65 subunit of NFκB in the nuclear compartment in ABC cell lines. This led to inhibition of cell viability and induction of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis in ABC-DLBCL cell lines. Additionally, TQ treatment also caused up-regulation of death receptor 5 (DR5), however, up-regulation of DR5 did not play a role in TQ-induced apoptosis. Finally, combination of sub-optimal doses of TQ and TRAIL induced efficient apoptosis in ABC-DLBCL cell lines. These data show that p-IκBα can be used as a prognostic marker and target for therapy in this aggressive sub-type of DLBCL and TQ may play an important role in the management of DLBCL in the future

Parenting Practices and Aggression in Childhood Behaviour Disorders

Objective: To determine the association between parenting practices and aggression in children with behaviour disorders. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore Pakistan, from Nov 2020 to Jan 2021. Methodology: Parents of children and eighty-five children between the ages of 3 to 12 years with the diagnosis of behaviour disorders (autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, social communication disorder) and showing aggressive behaviour were enrolled. The multidimensional assessment of parenting scale was used to assess positive(proactive parenting, positive reinforcement, warmth and supportiveness) and negative (hostility, lax control, physical control) parenting practices. The modified overt aggression scale was used to assess aggression, including verbal aggression,aggression against property, auto-aggression (towards self), and physical aggression (towards others). Correlation and multiple regression analysis were done. Results: Among negative practices, it was found that leniency and inconsistent parenting (lax control) was significant positive predictor of aggression (p<0.01) in children with behaviour disorders. Supportiveness was a significant negative predictor of verbal aggression (p<0.01), while physical control positively predicted total aggression (p<0.05). Among positive parenting practices, positive reinforcement decreased auto aggression (p<0.05) in children with behaviour disorders. Lower maternal education correlated with more aggressive behaviours (p<0.05) in these children. Conclusion: Negative parenting practices may lead to aggression in children with behaviour disorders. While positive reinforcement by parents may encourage less self-harm in these children and help improve their behaviour problems

Assessment of Children with Cerebral Palsy Using Common Brief Core Set of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY)

Objective: To assess children with cerebral palsy using the Common Brief Core Set of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY). Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Children Hospital & Institute of Child Health, Lahore Pakistan, from Nov 2020 to Jan 2021. Methodology: Fifty-nine children with cerebral palsy (CP) aged 0-18 years were included. Common Brief Core Set of International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health in Children and Youth (ICF-CY) was administered to children with cerebral palsy to assess their functional status. Strengths and weaknesses in body structure, body function,activity and participation and environmental factors were evaluated using the Common Brief Core Set of ICF-CY. Results: The majority of study participants were 38(64.4%), were spastic quadriplegic. Periventricular leukomalacia was noted in 36(67.9%) cases on MRI brain. Moderate to severe impairment was noted in body functions like intellectual function 46(78%). In addition, 26(44.1%) children with cerebral palsy had mild to moderate impairment in walking, while 4(6.8 %) could walk without any impairment. Social attitudes, construct, and design of buildings were the major barriers affecting the functionality of children with cerebral palsy. Conclusion: It was found that the Common Brief Core Set of ICF-CY in children with different types of cerebral palsy is a useful tool for assessing their functional level. Keywords: Cerebral Palsy, Common Brief Core Set, Disability, Health in Children and Youth (ICF-CY), International Classification of Functioning.

Cross-talk between NFkB and the PI3-Kinase/AKT pathway can be targeted in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines for efficient apoptosis

Background: A number of constitutively activated signaling pathways play critical roles in the survival and growth of primary effusion lymphoma cells (PELs) including NFkB and PI3/AKT kinase cascades. NFkBis constitutively activated in a number of malignancies, including multiple myeloma, Burkitt’s lymphoma and diffuse large cell B-cell lymphoma. However, its role in primary effusion lymphoma has not been fully explored. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used pharmacological inhibition and gene silencing to define the role of NFkB in growth and survival of PEL cells. Inhibition of NFkB activity by Bay11-7085 resulted in decreased expression of p65 in the nuclear compartment as detected by EMSA assays. In addition, Bay11-7085 treatment caused de-phosphorylation of AKT and its downstream targets suggesting a cross-talk between NFkB and the PI3-kinase/AKT pathway. Importantly, treatment of PEL cells with Bay11-7085 led to inhibition of cell viability and induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. Similar apoptotic effects were found when p65 was knocked down using specific small interference RNA. Finally, co-treatment of PEL cells with suboptimal doses of Bay11-7085 and LY294002 led to synergistic apoptotic responses in PEL cells.Conclusion/Significance: These data support a strong biological-link between NFkB and the PI3-kinase/AKT pathway in the modulation of anti-apoptotic effects in PEL cells. Synergistic targeting of these pathways using NFKB- and PI3-kinase/AKT- inhibitors may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of PEL and possibly other malignancies with constitutive activation of these pathway

Co-targeting of cyclooxygenase-2 and foxM1 is a viable strategy in inducing anticancer effects in colorectal cancer cells

Background: Cross-talk between deregulated signaling pathways in cancer cells causes uncontrolled growth and proliferation. These cancers cells become more aggressive and quickly develop resistance to therapy. Therefore targeting of these deregulated pathways simultaneously can result in efficient cell death of cancer cells. In this study we investigated co-expression of Cox-2 and FoxM1 in a cohort of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) samples and also examined whether inhibition of Cox-2 and FoxM1 simultaneously can lead to inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines and in vivo xenografMethods: Protein expression of Cox-2 and FoxM1 was determined in a large cohort of 770 clinical CRC samples in a tissue micro-array format by immunohistochemistry. Cell death was measured using live dead assay. Apoptosis was measured by annexin V/PI dual staining. Immunoblotting was performed to examine the expression of proteins. Calcusyn software was utilized to estimate the synergistic doses using chou and Talalay method. Results: Co-expression of Cox-2 and FoxM1 was detected in 33.3 % (232/697) of CRC’s and associated with an aggressive phenotype characterized by younger age (p = 0.0191), high proliferative index marker; Ki-67 (p = 0.004) and MMP-9 (p = 0.0116) as well as activation of AKT (p = 0.0214). In vitro, inhibition of FoxM1 and Cox-2 with pharmacological inhibitors; Thiostrepton and NS398 resulted in efficient down-regulation of FoxM1 and Cox-2 expression along with in-activation of AKT and inhibition of colony formation, invasion and migratory capability of CRC cells. In addition, there was also inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in CRC cell lines. Finally, treatment of CRC xenograft tumors in nude mice with combination of Cox-2 and FoxM1 inhibitors inhibited tumor growth significantly via down-regulation of Cox-2 and FoxM1 expression. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that co-expression of Cox-2 and FoxM1 might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of CRC. Therefore, targeting of these pathways simultaneously with sub toxic doses of pharmacological inhibitors can be a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of this subset of CRC

ALK alteration is a frequent event in aggressive breast cancers

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy worldwide and, despite improvements in treatment modalities, there are increased chances of recurrence and metastasis in a substantial number of cases and it remains one of the major causes of mortality among female cancer patients. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene has been found to be altered in several solid and hematologic tumors. We aimed to comprehensively study the prevalence of ALK expression, and changes in copy number and translocation in a large cohort of breast cancer cases in a Middle Eastern population. Methods: ALK protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry and numerical and structural variations of the ALK gene were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in a tissue microarray format in a cohort of more than 1000 Middle Eastern breast cancers. The data were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and other important molecular biomarkers.Results: Immunohistochemical analysis showed ALK overexpression in 36.0 % of the breast cancer patients and gene amplification was present in 13.3 % of cases, seen by FISH analyses. ALK overexpression was significantly associated with ALK gene amplification (p = 0.0031). ALK-overexpressing tumors showed significant association with high-grade tumors (p = 0.0039), ductal histologic subtype (p = 0.0076), triple-negative phenotype (p = 0.0034), and high Ki-67 (p = 0.0001) and p-AKT (p \u3c0.0001). Conclusions: Immunohistochemical analysis showed ALK is overexpressed in a substantial proportion of breast cancers and possibly plays a significant role in the aggressive behavior of this cancer. Gene amplification is hypothesized to be a possible cause for a significant proportion of this overexpression. Based on these findings, a potential role for an ALK inhibitor, as a therapeutic agent targeting aggressive subtypes of breast cancer, merits further investigation