Evaluation of biochemical effects of diclofenac sodium in goats

ABSTRACT Diclofenac sodium is one of the most commonly using Non steroidal anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAID) worldwide in medical as well as veterinary practices. Use of anti-inflammatory drugs may affect liver function which may or may not be reversible in various livestock breeds. In this study effect of diclofenac sodium on Alanin transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALK), serum creatinine, serum uric acid, blood urea and total protein of liver and kidney of local dairy goats has been evaluated at Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam since 2007. The drug was administered in six goats in two phases with adequate wash out period of 21 days between each phase. Dose rates, 2.5mg/kg (b.w) and 1 mg/kg (b.w), of diclofenac was administered in Phase-1 and Phase-2 respectively. For biochemical analysis the blood samples were collected at different intervals up to 96 hrs post drug administration. Significant change (p<0.05) with high dose was documented at 2, 3, 6, 12, 24 48 hrs in blood serum level of ALT, AST, ALK.PO4, creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea respectively. Where as highly significant change (p<0.01) was monitored at 6, 12, 24, 48 hrs in ALT and AST, ALK.PO4, and blood urea respectively. Significant increase in serum level of Alanin transaminase, Aspartate transaminase and Alkaline phosphatase was noticed at 12 and 24 hrs with low dose of diclofenac respectively. No significant change in serum creatinine and uric acid was observed but blood urea significantly increased at 48 hrs with low dose. No change was examined in total serum protein with both the doses. The effect of diclofenac was short-lived and most of the parameters went back to normal after 72hrs of drug administration

HIPPARION FROM THE DHOK PATHAN FORMATION OF THE MIDDLE SIWALIKS, PAKISTAN

Abstract: New fossil material of Hipparion antilopinum has been described from the Dhok Pathan type locality, Chakwal district, Punjab Pakistan. This material consists of isolated lower premolars and molars. These specimens provide new data and contribute to recent work from the Middle Siwalik Hills of Pakistan

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE TRAITS OF CROSSBRED AND LOCAL DAIRY COWS AT MIRPUR AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Data on about 3999 records from 1990 to 2003 collected at artificial insemination center Mirpur city were utilized for this study and analyzed using Harvey's Mixed Model Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program to study the environmental sources of variation on some performance traits of Desi /Iocal, F1 (Holstein Friesian and Jersey X Desi), Holstein Friesian, Jersey and Sahiwal dairy cows of different genotype. The least squares means for number of services per conception, age at first service and gestation period were 1.07±0.18, 990.37±239.24 days and 280.84±0.35 days, respectively. The coefficient of variation for these traits was 24.31, 21.97 and 1.71 percent respectively. The least squares means for daily milk yield was 8.72±0.18 liters with 32.42 % coefficient of variation. The analysis of variance for age at first service revealed that year and genotype showed significant differences (P< 0.05), however, the season of birth had non-significant effect on age at first service. Moreover, data revealed that the year of service and genotype have significant (P<0.01) influence on number of services per conception during the study period, however, the season of service and parity showed nonsignificant difference. There was no significant difference due to age at service of the cows. The difference was non-significant in the number of services per conception due to increase in the age of cow. It was further observed that the gestation period in the present data set was significantly (P<0.05) different due to year / season of birth, genotype, parity and sex of the calf born. The variability in daily milk yield was significant (P<0.05) due to year of calving and genotype of animal, whereas, there was non significant difference in daily milk yield due to increase in the age of animal. INTRODUCTION Azad Jammu and Kashmir is covering an area of 13,297 squares kilometers. It is located in foothills of Himalayas; mainly hilly and mountainous characterized by deep ravines, rugged and undulating terrain. The livestock is primarily raised in small herds and it does not exceed more than four animals. The animals are pre-dominantly reared on mixed system of feeding (grazing and stall feeding) and they are contributing about 62% in the GDP of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) when compared with agriculture. There are 0.53 and 0.48 million dairy cows and buffaloes, respectively. The population of dairy cattle at Mirpur district was 93457 heads comprising 40.25 % cows and 59.75 % Buffaloes. The population was dominated by (47.83 %) nondescript and 23.83% Dhani, 17.41 % crossbred and followed by 2.41 percent Sahiwal cattle. The overall strength of dairy animals was 1.97 heads. The house holds preference for rearing milch animals was 54. 48 % Buffaloes, 18.57 % cows and 26.96 % both cow and Buffaloes (Anon.1996). In order to improve the diet and nutrition of farm families, and poverty alleviation by enhancing the income from increased sales of livestock products Le. milk and meat, Artificial insemination activities were started during 1985 in AJK. The long term objective was to establish dairy cattle breed and enhance production potential of existing animals by crossing with improved exotic germ plasm, suitable to the variable climatic conditions in AJK. The study was aimed to evaluate the achievements and changes attained through cross breeding in the production potential of dairy cattle from Desi to improved exotic type. It is also envisaged to evaluate the environmental sources of variation for some performance traits of dairy cattle at Mirpur, AJK

Impact of trade liberalization and domestic economic reforms on technical efficiency of agro-based industries

Abstrac

Estimation of Levetiracetam in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form with a Newly Developed and Validated RP-HPLC Method

Abstract A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus in the General Population of

Abstract.-Present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) among the general population of a village population in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir area in Pakistan. Randomly selected male and female individuals of 5 to 70 years of age were screened for anti-body test for HCV and HBV. The samples found positive for virus related antigen and antibody were further investigated for the presence of viral RNA and DNA in the plasma using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HCV positive samples were further analyzed for the genotypes. Total 520 individuals (250 males and 270 females) from general population who willingly participated in the screening process were included in the study. Prevalence and the type of virus, the age, sex, history of exposure and the previous surgical of the participants was also investigated. 7.5% of participants were found positive against HCV antibody and only 0.96% were positive for HBV surface antigen. Among the individuals positive for HCV-PCR, the genotype 3a was the most prevalent, whereas genotypes 2a, 1b, 3b and an unidentified strain were also found. It is concluded that PCR based analysis along with concomitant HBsAg and anti-HCV testing permits diagnosis HBV and HCV infections