Appendix F. Seasonal patterns of (a) total brood area and (b) colony size of honey bee colonies from the same study area (redrawn from Odoux et al. (2014) with one year update (2008 to 2012).

Seasonal patterns of (a) total brood area and (b) colony size of honey bee colonies from the same study area (redrawn from Odoux et al. (2014) with one year update (2008 to 2012)

Appendix C. List of plant species collected for (i) pollen and (ii) nectar, species affiliation within resource types and mass proportion (%), ranked the most to the least annually collected by resource type.

List of plant species collected for (i) pollen and (ii) nectar, species affiliation within resource types and mass proportion (%), ranked the most to the least annually collected by resource type

Evidence for locomotor deficits after exposure to a sublethal dose (SLD_48h) of a pyrethroid or a neonicotinoid but not a phenylpyrazole.

<p><b>A</b>, The average (± S.E.M) relative distance covered by young bees is significantly decreased 6±2h after exposure to either a SLD_48h of cypermethrin (2.5 ng/bee), tau-fluvalinate (33 ng/bee) or tetramethrin (70 ng/bee). <b>B</b>, A significant decrease in distance is observed after exposure to a SLD_48h of thiamethoxam (3.8 ng/bee) as well. <b>C</b>, The relative distance covered by bees after exposure to a SLD_48h of fipronil (0.5 ng/bee) is similar to the distance covered by control bees. In the case of fipronil, whereas early deleterious effects cannot be evidenced by the locomotion assay, an increased mortality is observed five days after exposure. For cypermethrin, n = 19 control and n = 20 exposed bees respectively. For tau-fluvalinate, n = 12 control and n = 19 exposed bees respectively. For tetramethrin, n = 20 control and n = 20 exposed bees respectively. For thiamethoxam, n = 19 control and n = 19 exposed bees respectively. For fipronil, n = 19 control and n = 20 exposed bees respectively.</p

Appendix A. Study area, study design and sample sizes used in this study.

Study area, study design and sample sizes used in this study

Video tracking of bees using a vertical arena.

<p><b>A,</b> Examples of paths followed during 3 minutes by four individual young bees (day 1 after emergence). <b>B,</b> Superimposed paths followed by eighty individual bees. Overall, arena sides were more frequently visited. <b>C,</b> Locomotor ability measured at day 1, 2 and 6 after emergence (bees kept in an incubator). Mean distance (± S.E.M) covered by bees slightly increased from 3.2 to 3.8 meters between day 1 and 2 (p<0.01, n = 138 and 63 respectively) and did not significantly further increase as shown at 6 days after emergence (n = 38).</p

Appendix E. Nutritional value of analysed pollen.

Nutritional value of analysed pollen

Appendix B. The number data samples for pollen and nectar.

The number data samples for pollen and nectar

Appendix D. Annual phenological deviation estimated by cumulative temperature sum from a national French meteorological station (http://climat.meteofrance.com/) located in Niort, on the northern edge of the study area.

Annual phenological deviation estimated by cumulative temperature sum from a national French meteorological station (http://climat.meteofrance.com/) located in Niort, on the northern edge of the study area

Influence of different seasonal pollen mixes on (A) the diameter of hypopharyngeal gland acini and (B) the <i>vitellogenin</i> expression levels, in honey bee workers.

<p>Box plots are shown for 30 bees (acini) and 10 pools of 3 bees (<i>vitellogenin</i>) per diet treatment. Different letters indicate significant differences between pollen quantities (p < 0.001 based upon Wilcoxon tests with the Bonferroni correction for HPGs and Tukey post-hoc tests for <i>vitellogenin</i> expression levels). Boxes show 25th and 75th percentiles range with the line denoting median. Whiskers encompass 90% of the individuals, beyond which outliers are represented by dots.</p

Influence of different seasonal pollen mixes on bee survival.

<p>Data show the percentages of surviving workers over 90 days (n = 10 repetitions per treatment). Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.001, Cox proportional hazards regression model).</p