5 research outputs found
Foot problems of female medical personnelSubjective complaints and results of the podometric test
Get PDFThe research was carried out in a multi-profile clinic where female medical workers included nurses, doctors and nurse assistants. The number of respondents included in the data analysis of this research was 102. A standardised questionnaire was used to obtain data on age group, position, body mass index, physical activities, ergonomic factors at work, performed objective foot examination methods, awareness of the ways of feet deformation correction. A computerised foot diagnostic system Pad Professional was used to objectively assess the feet condition. The podometric examination was carried out on 78 respondents. The data indicated a widespread foot problem spread among medical workers. Of 102 respondents only 10 (4.2%) had no complaints, and of 78 respondents who underwent the podometric test, none were diagnosed as having a totally healthy foot. The podometric examination showed that 65 (83.3%), which was the vast majority of respondents, had transverse arch flattening. Explicit transverse arch flattening was diagnosed in 8 (10.3%) and longitudinal arch flattening in 5 (6.4%) respondents.publishersversionPeer reviewe
Evolution of the US Deterrence of Chinaās Aggression to Taiwan during the Presidency of Donald Trump
No full textStarptautiskÄs attiecÄ«bas - Eiropas studijasSocioloÄ£ija, politoloÄ£ija un antropoloÄ£ijaInternational Relations - European StudiesSociology, Politics and AnthropologyBakalaura darba tÄma ir āASV Ä«stenotÄs Ķīnas atturÄÅ”anas no agresijas pret TaivÄnu evolÅ«cija Donalda Trampa prezidentÅ«ras laikÄā. TÄmas aktualitÄti nosaka ne tikai Ķīnas Tautas Republikas (turpmÄk tekstÄ ā Ķīna) politiskÄs un ekonomiskÄs ietekmes pieaugums starptautiskajÄ vidÄ, bet arÄ« ASV Ärpolitikas kursa un prioritÄÅ”u maiÅa. OtrkÄrt, Ŕī tÄma Ä«paÅ”i aktualizÄjÄs lÄ«dz ar Donalda Trampa ievÄlÄÅ”anu ASV prezidenta amatÄ. ASV attiecÄ«bas ar Ķīnu kļuva saspringtÄkas, bet ar Ķīnas Republiku (turmÄk tekstÄ ā TaivÄna) ā intensÄ«vÄkas, Å”Ädi izraisot Ķīnas neapmierinÄtÄ«bu un attiecÄ«bu saasinÄjumu arÄ« ASV, Ķīnas un TaivÄnas trÄ«sstÅ«rÄ«.
DarbÄ izvirzÄ«tÄ hipotÄze ā ASV Ä«stenotÄ Ä¶Ä«nas atturÄÅ”anas politika no agresijas pret TaivÄnu Trampa prezidentÅ«ras laikÄ mainÄ«jÄs no atturÄÅ”anas ar noliegÅ”anu un sodÄ«Å”anu uz atturÄÅ”anu ar sodÄ«Å”anu, vienlaikus samazinoties atturÄÅ”anas ticamÄ«bai. HipotÄzes pÄrbaudÄ«Å”anai tika noteikts, ka teorÄtiskÄ ietvara pamatÄ ir atturÄÅ”ana. EmpÄ«riskÄs daļas izstrÄde tika veikta, izmantojot dokumentu analÄ«zes metodi.
PirmÄ nodaļa ir veltÄ«ta teorÄtiskajam ietvaram, tÄdÄļ pirmajÄ apakÅ”nodaÄ¼Ä ir aprakstÄ«ta klasiskÄ atturÄÅ”ana, savukÄrt otrajÄ ā perfektÄ atturÄÅ”ana, izceļot atturÄÅ”anas ticamÄ«bu, atturÄÅ”anu ar sodÄ«Å”anu un noliegÅ”anu. Darba otrajÄ nodaÄ¼Ä tiek analizÄts, kÄdi faktori ietekmÄja ASV atturÄÅ”anas pieejas veidoÅ”anos un attÄ«stÄ«bu 20.gs., un Ä«sumÄ tiek aprakstÄ«ts, kÄ atturÄÅ”ana attÄ«stÄ«jÄs jau 21.gs. lÄ«dz Baraka Obamas prezidentÅ«ras beigÄm. SavukÄrt treÅ”ajÄ nodaÄ¼Ä tiek pÄtÄ«ts, kÄ izmainÄ«jÄs un funkcionÄja ASV atturÄÅ”anas politika pÄc D. Trampa stÄÅ”anÄs prezidenta amatÄ un kÄ Å”Ä«s izmaiÅas ietekmÄja atturÄÅ”anas ticamÄ«bu.
Tika secinÄts, ka pÄc D. Trampa stÄÅ”anÄs amatÄ ASV mainÄ«ja atturÄÅ”anu no atturÄÅ”anas ar noliegÅ”anu un sodÄ«Å”anu uz atturÄÅ”anu ar sodÄ«Å”anu ā abu pieeju vietÄ uzsvars mainÄ«jÄs par labu atturÄÅ”anai ar sodÄ«Å”anu. Par to liecinÄja vairÄki faktori: 4 gadu laikÄ katru gadu tika noslÄgti apjomÄ«gi ieroÄu tirdzniecÄ«bas darÄ«jumi, pirmoreiz kopÅ” 1992.gada iekļaujot arÄ« F-16 iznÄ«cinÄtÄjus; tika pieÅemta virkne TaivÄnai labvÄlÄ«gu likumprojektu; oficiÄlo amatpersonu vizÄ«Å”u skaits palielinÄjÄs; ASV Ärpolitikas kursa maiÅas attiecÄ«bÄ pret Ķīnu un tirdzniecÄ«bas kara kontekstÄ, ASV izrÄdÄ«ja lielÄku atbalstu TaivÄnai ikreiz, kad starp valstÄ«m bija nesaskaÅas. RezultÄtÄ darbÄ«bas un pieÅemtie lÄmumi liecinÄja par atbalstu TaivÄnai, atspoguļojot neapmierinÄtÄ«bu un cenÅ”oties sodÄ«t Ķīnu. TÄpat tika secinÄts, ka, par spÄ«ti lielÄkai iesaistei TaivÄnas jautÄjumÄ, atturÄÅ”anas ticamÄ«ba mazinÄjÄs, kas ir saistÄ«ts ar Ärpolitikas kursa maiÅu pret Ķīnu, D. Trampa retoriku un uzskatiem par aliansÄm, kÄ arÄ« droŔības garantiju raksturu.Topic of this thesis is āEvolution of the US Deterrence of Chinaās Aggression to Taiwan during the Presidency of Donald Trumpā. The relevance of the topic is determined not only by the growth of political and economic influence of the People's Republic of China (further - China) in the international environment, but also by the change in foreign policy course and priorities of the US. Secondly, this topic has become especially essential since the election of Donald Trump as President of the US. The US' relations with China became tense, but relations with the Republic of China (further in text - Taiwan) intensified, which led to China's discontent and an escalation of relations in the USA-China-Taiwan triangle.
The hypothesis put forward in this paper - US deterrence policy from Chinese aggression against Taiwan during the presidency of Trump changed from deterrence by denial and punishment to deterrence by punishment, while the credibility of deterrence decreased. To test the hypothesis the theoretical framework is based on deterrence concept. The development of empirical part was performed using the method of document analysis.
The first chapter is devoted to theoretical framework and first subchapter describes classical deterrence, while the second - perfect deterrence, emphasizing the credibility of deterrence, deterrence by punishment and denial. The second chapter analyzes factors that influenced the formation, development of US deterrence approach in the 20th century, and briefly describes how deterrence developed in the beginning of 21st century until the end of Barack Obamaās presidency. The third chapter examines how deterrence policy changed and functioned after D. Trump took office and how it affected the credibility of deterrence.
It was concluded that after Trump's inauguration, the US deterrence policy changed from deterrence by denial and punishment to deterrence by punishment. This was evidenced by some facts: annually, large arms sales were made for 4 years, including F-16 fighter jets for the first time since 1992; a number of Taiwan-friendly bills were passed; the number of visits by officials has increased; in the context of the change in US foreign policy towards China and the trade war, the US showed greater support for Taiwan whenever disagreements arose between countries. As a result, the actions taken are indicative of Taiwan's support, reflecting discontent and attempts to punish China. It was also concluded that, despite increased involvement in the Taiwan issue, the credibility of deterence has decreased due to changes in foreign policy towards China, Trump's rhetoric, views on alliances, and the nature of security guarantees
Human rights narrative of the People's Republic of China at the UN Human Rights Council during the presidency of Xi Jinping
No full textStarptautiskÄs attiecÄ«bas un diplomÄtijaSocioloÄ£ija, politoloÄ£ija un antropoloÄ£ijaInternational Relations and DiplomacySociology, Politics and AnthropologyMaÄ£istra darba tÄma ir āĶīnas Tautas Republikas cilvÄktiesÄ«bu naratÄ«vs ANO CilvÄktiesÄ«bu padomÄ Sji DziÅpina prezidentÅ«ras laikÄā. TÄmas aktualitÄti nosaka vairÄki faktori. PirmkÄrt, Ķīnas Tautas Republikas (turpmÄk tekstÄ ā Ķīna vai ĶTR) attÄ«stÄ«ba un politiskÄ, ekonomiskÄ, militÄrÄ spÄka pieaugÅ”ana spÄlÄs bÅ«tisku lomu starptautisko attiecÄ«bu attÄ«stÄ«bÄ turpmÄk. OtrkÄrt, jau Å”obrÄ«d Ķīna cenÅ”as panÄkt sev labvÄlÄ«gu izmaiÅu ievieÅ”anu starptautiskajÄ politikÄ, tÄ arvien aktÄ«vÄk iesaistÄs starptautisko organizÄciju darbÄ, veido jaunas partnerÄ«bas un dažÄdus sadarbÄ«bas mehÄnismus. TreÅ”kÄrt, cilvÄktiesÄ«bas Sji DziÅpina (Xi Jinping) prezidentÅ«ras laikÄ ir oficiÄli kļuvuÅ”as par valsts Ärpolitikas un Ķīnas KomunistiskÄs partijas prioritÄtÄm, kas pastiprina cilvÄktiesÄ«bu jautÄjuma aktualitÄti ne tikai ĶīnÄ, bet arÄ« visÄ pasaulÄ.
Å Ä« darba mÄrÄ·is ir izpÄtÄ«t, kÄds ir ĶTR mÄrÄ·is normalizÄt vai standartizÄt tÄs noformulÄto cilvÄktiesÄ«bu naratÄ«vu ANO CilvÄktiesÄ«bu padomÄ Sji DziÅpina prezidentÅ«ras laikÄ. DarbÄ izvirzÄ«tÄ hipotÄze - ĶTR ir noformulÄts cilvÄktiesÄ«bu naratÄ«vs, ko tÄ cenÅ”as normalizÄt ANO CilvÄktiesÄ«bu padomÄ, ar mÄrÄ·i ieviest savu redzÄjumu par nÄkotnes globÄlo attÄ«stÄ«bu. Lai pÄrbaudÄ«tu hipotÄzi, tika noteikts, ka teorÄtiskÄ ietvara pamatÄ ir sociÄlais konstruktÄ«visms. EmpÄ«riskÄs daļas izstrÄde tika veikta, izmantojot dokumentu un naratÄ«vu analÄ«zes metodi, analizÄjot Ķīnas iniciÄtÄs un sponsorÄtas rezolÅ«cijas ANO CilvÄktiesÄ«bu padomÄ kopÅ” 2014. gada.
Darba gaitÄ tika identificÄti kopumÄ seÅ”i Ķīnas veidotie naratÄ«vi PadomÄ. Balstoties uz identificÄtajiem naratÄ«viem, tika secinÄts, kÄdi ir Ķīnas mÄrÄ·i normalizÄt un standartizÄt naratÄ«vus PadomÄ: ĶTR ievieÅ” terminus, savu redzÄjumu par cilvÄktiesÄ«bÄm, kas saskan ar Sji vÄ«ziju par nÄkotnes attÄ«stÄ«bu; tÄ aicina veidot jaunu starptautisko attiecÄ«bu modeli; Ķīna ādefinÄā pieÅemamo starptautisko cilvÄktiesÄ«bu kontekstÄ. Å ie naratÄ«vi atspoguļo Ķīnas vÄlmi ieviest noteiktus aspektus globÄlÄ cilvÄktiesÄ«bu mehÄnisma attÄ«stÄ«bÄ, tÄdÄļ darbÄ izvirzÄ«tÄ hipotÄze apstiprinÄjÄs. Papildus darbÄ tika identificÄti vÄl daži mÄrÄ·i, kas netika iekļauti hipotÄzÄ: ĶTR aktÄ«vi aicina vÄrst uzmanÄ«bu uz attÄ«stÄ«bas valstÄ«m, tostarp, lai nodroÅ”inÄtu sev lÄ«dzÄ«gi domÄjoÅ”o valstu atbalstu; Ķīna aicina mainÄ«t PadomÄ ieviestos cilvÄktiesÄ«bu stÄvokļa kontroles mehÄnismus; ĶTR veicina labu un pozitÄ«vu starptautisko tÄlu, izmantojot cilvÄktiesÄ«bas; ar rezolÅ«ciju palÄ«dzÄ«bu Ķīna novÄrÅ” uzmanÄ«bu no cilvÄktiesÄ«bu stÄvokļa valstÄ«.Topic of this thesis is "Human rights narrative of the People's Republic of China at the UN Human Rights Council during the presidency of Xi Jinping". The relevance of the topic is determined by several factors. Firstly, the development of the People's Republic of China (Further - China or PRC) and the growth of its political, economic, and military power will play a significant role in the development of international relations. Secondly, China is already trying to achieve favourable changes in international politics, it is more actively involved in the work of international organizations, it is forming new partnerships and various cooperation mechanisms. Thirdly, during the presidency of Xi Jinping, human rights have officially become the priorities of the country's foreign policy and the Chinese Communist Party, which increases the relevance of human rights issues not only in China, but also around the world.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the PRC's aims to normalize or standardize its human rights narrative at the UN Human Rights Council during Xi Jinping's presidency. The hypothesis put forward in this paper ā the PRC has formulated a human rights narrative that it seeks to normalize at the UN Human Rights Council, with the aim of implementing its vision of future global development. To test the hypothesis the theoretical framework is based on social constructivism. The development of the empirical part was performed using document and narrative analysis, analysing the resolutions initiated and sponsored by China in the UN Human Rights Council since 2014.
In this paper six narratives created by China and used in the Council were identified. Based on these narratives, it was concluded what are China's aims to normalize and standardize narratives in the Council: the PRC introduces terminology, its own vision of human rights, which is consistent with Xi's vision of future development; it calls for the creation of a new model of international relations; China "defines" what is acceptable in the context of international human rights. These narratives reflect China's desire to introduce certain aspects in the development of the global human rights mechanism. In addition, some other purposes were identified which were not included in the hypothesis: the PRC calls for attention to be paid to developing countries to ensure the support of like-minded countries; China calls for a change in the control mechanisms of the human rights situation introduced in the Council; the PRC promotes a good and positive international image through human rights; with the help of resolutions, China diverts attention from the human rights situation in the country
