Rôle de l'usage passé du sol sur la végétation de sous-bois méditerranéenne

International audienceIn the last twenty years, several studies have stressed the importance of including a historical approach in ecological studies. It helps understand structure and functioning of present ecosystems but also assess conservation objectives. In temperate regions, several studies showed that forest vascular plants differ according to forest temporal continuity. This difference is caused by a modification of forest habitats by past land use, especially soil physico-chemical properties, but is also conditioned by species colonisation potential. For instance, species more frequent in forests with a long temporal continuity, also known as ancient forest species, have life-history traits associated to poor dispersal abilities. However, the effect of past land use on the present flora has not yet been investigated in the Mediterranean. Our aim is thus to analyse floristic differences between ancient and recent forests and to identify life-history traits associated to those differences in the Natural Regional Park of Luberon. We also explore the effect of past land use on forest plant communities and soil physico-chemical properties. We hypothesised that: (1) species more frequent in ancient forests were typical forest species, more shade-tolerant and with poor dispersal ability (dispersal syndrome, soil seedbank); (2) ancient forest soils had less nutrients, more organic matter and are more superficial compared to recent forests; (3) those differences varied according to past land use (pastoral vs. cultural); (4) those differences are less pronounced than in temperate regions because former pasturelands were dominant in the Mediterranean. This study will enable us to better understand past land use effects on vegetation and soil dynamics in Mediterranean forests, and to compare our results with other biogeographical and sociological contexts

Perception, Beliefs, and Attitudes Regarding Sedation Practices among Palliative Care Nurses and Physicians: A Qualitative Study

International audienceBackground: Palliative care teams face complex medical situations on a daily basis. These situations require joint reflection and decision making to propose appropriate patient care. Sometimes, sedation is one of the options to be considered. In addition to medical and technical criteria justifying the use of sedation, multiple psychosocial criteria impact the decision making of palliative care teams and guide, give sense to, and legitimize professional practices. Objective: The main goal of this study was to explore perceptions, experiences, and beliefs of palliative care teams about sedation practices in a legislative context (Claeys-Leonetti law, 2016; France), which authorizes continuous deep sedation (CDS) until death. Methods: This is a qualitative study using 28 semistructured interviews with physicians and nurses working in a palliative care team in France (PACA region). All verbal productions produced during interviews were fully transcribed and the contents analyzed. Findings: Content analysis revealed four themes: (1) sedation as a ''good death,'' (2) emotional experiences of sedations, (3) the practice of CDS, and (4) the ambiguous relationship with the Claeys-Leonetti law. Conclusions: This qualitative study provides evidence of a form of ''naturalization'' of the practice of sedation. However, the Claeys-Leonetti law exacerbates differences of opinion between palliative caregivers on sedation and questions the interest of this law for society and palliative care practices. clinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04016038

Les jésuites à Lyon

Depuis quatre siècles, les jésuites ont marqué Lyon de leur présence. Après une installation difficile entre 1565 et 1604, la Compagnie de Jésus a rayonné sur la ville et ses alentours. Après l'expulsion, puis la suppression de l'Ordre en 1773, celui-ci renaît au début du xixe siècle et reprend ses tâches traditionnelles d'enseignement et d'encadrement des élites dans un esprit hostile au nouveau cours issu de la Révolution. Après la Grande Guerre, lors de laquelle s'illustrent nombre de jésuites lyonnais, la Compagnie connaît un second souffle que résume un nom de lieu : Fourvière, où sont créés en 1941 les Cahiers du témoignage chrétien, organe clandestin de la Résistance spirituelle. L'histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus oscille entre la singularité de chacune de ses implantations, l'influence de certaines personnalités et la visée universaliste de son projet. Le cas de Lyon est particulièrement représentatif de cette ambivalence entre le particulier et l'universel. La Compagnie a fortement contribué à modeler le paysage religieux de la ville, mais à chaque époque de son histoire, les jésuites lyonnais ont été porteurs d'un modèle qui a rayonné largement en France et au-delà, particulièrement au Moyen-Orient. Cet ouvrage retrace cette histoire qui se place délibérément à la rencontre du religieux, du culturel et du politique. Rédigé par des universitaires, il propose des éclairages variés sur ces quatre siècles et fait le point de la recherche pour des lecteurs curieux d'histoire et de culture religieuse

Distinct evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and BA.2.86/JN.1 lineages combining increased fitness and antibody evasion

Abstract The unceasing circulation of SARS-CoV-2 leads to the continuous emergence of novel viral sublineages. Here, we isolate and characterize XBB.1, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.9.1, XBB.1.16.1, EG.5.1.1, EG.5.1.3, XBF, BA.2.86.1 and JN.1 variants, representing >80% of circulating variants in January 2024. The XBB subvariants carry few but recurrent mutations in the spike, whereas BA.2.86.1 and JN.1 harbor >30 additional changes. These variants replicate in IGROV-1 but no longer in Vero E6 and are not markedly fusogenic. They potently infect nasal epithelial cells, with EG.5.1.3 exhibiting the highest fitness. Antivirals remain active. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses from vaccinees and BA.1/BA.2-infected individuals are markedly lower compared to BA.1, without major differences between variants. An XBB breakthrough infection enhances NAb responses against both XBB and BA.2.86 variants. JN.1 displays lower affinity to ACE2 and higher immune evasion properties compared to BA.2.86.1. Thus, while distinct, the evolutionary trajectory of these variants combines increased fitness and antibody evasion

Sujet et citoyen

Le Bureau de l'Association Francaise des Historiens des Idees Politiques tient a exprimer les remerciements les plus sinceres a : Monsieur Christian PONCELET, President du Senat et a Monsieur Luc FERRY, Ministre de l'Education Nationale (2002-2004) pour l'honneur qu'ils ont bien voulu lui faire en accordant leur haut patronage a ce XVIeme Colloque de l'AFHIP, qui s'est tenu a Lyon le 11-12 septembre 200