La irradiación del estado social de derecho en el contrato de seguro en Colombia

La asunción del estado social de derecho como nuevo modelo en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, ello en respuesta a un modelo clásico de derecho, sin lugar a dudas esta modificación tuvo unas importantes repercusiones en todo el sistema jurídico, de allí que entre las principales características que posea este modelo social sea la garantía de algunos derechos económicos, sociales y culturales por conexidad con los derechos fundamentales, de allí que el contrato de seguro que en un inicio se encontrara regido por normas eminentemente de origen legal, con la misma constitucionalización ese ostente un nuevo alcance, de allí que deba estudiarse cuales han sido las implicaciones directas que ha tenido el contrato de seguro dentro de la noción del estado social de derecho. de tal manera en un inicio se abordará la noción de estado social de derecho, junto con algunas características entre ellas la consecución del mínimo vital como derecho fundamental. así mismo se estudiarán los principales elementos del contrato de seguro, para finalmente determinar que efectos y cuales han sido las implicaciones que ha tenido el estado social de derecho en el contrato de seguro, ello teniendo en cuenta el abuso de la posición dominante y la protección del derecho al mínimo vital, que terminara desembocando en la procedencia de la acción de tutela en algunas disputas aseguraticias1. La noción del estado social de derecho y su delimitación en el estado colombiano. -- 1.2. La naturaleza del estado social de derecho y su implantación en colombia.-- 1.3.El derecho al mínimo vital como derecho fundamental. -- 2.El contrato de seguro. -- 2.1. Antecedentes históricos. -- 2.2. Definición del contrato de seguro. -- 2.3. Características del contrato de seguros. -- 2.3.1. Consensualidad. -- 2.3.2. Bilateralidad. -- 2.3.3. Oneroso. -- 2.3.4. Aleatorio. -- 2.3.5. Ejecución sucesiva. -- 2.3.6. Principal. -- 2.3.7. Adhesión. -- 2.3.8. Buena fe. -- 2.4. Partes y elementos esenciales. -- 2.4.1. Partes del contrato de seguro. -- 2.4.2. Elementos. -- 2.4.2.1. Interés asegurable. -- 2.4.2.2. Riesgo asegurable. -- 2.4.2.3. La prima. -- 2.4.2.4. La obligación condicional a cargo del asegurador. -- 2.5. Recapitulación. -- 3. La irradiación del estado social de derecho en el contrato de seguro. -- 3.1. La constitucionalización del derecho privado. -- 3.2. Jurisprudencia constitucional y la irradiación del estado social de derecho en los contratos de seguro. -- 4. Conclusiones. -- 5. Bibliografia

Linguistic analysis of Latinx patients’ responses to a text messaging adjunct during cognitive behavioral therapy for depression

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is efficacious to treat depression, however more research is needed to understand its functions among Latinxs. This study analyzed qualitative responses that were paired with a mood rating (1–9 scale) from daily ecological momentary assessments via text-messaging of 52 low-income, Spanish-speaking patients to assess the relationship between word use and changes in mood during group CBT. Based on previous research, we chose 11 linguistic dimensions from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count text analysis software that conceptually related to core CBT treatment elements and sociocultural factors of depression in Latinxs. Results showed that the use of words from the categories of Friends, Religion, Positive Emotions, and Leisure (proxy for behavioral activation) were significantly associated with a significant increase in mood. The use of Negative Emotions and Health words were significantly associated with a significant decrease in mood. Post-hoc analysis revealed that Certainty (proxy for cognitive inflexibility) words were related to a significant decrease in mood when Negative Emotional words were present. Findings contribute to our understanding of the role of sociocultural factors and core CBT elements in changes in mood among Latinxs. Lastly, this paper demonstrates the potential for analyzing language content during a digital health intervention to better understand user experiences.Fil: Hernandez Ramos, Rosa. University of California at Irvine; Estados Unidos. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Altszyler Lemcovich, Edgar Jaim. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Computación. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Computación; ArgentinaFil: Figueroa, Caroline A.. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Avila Garcia, Patricia. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Aguilera, Adriana Lucia. University of California at Berkeley; Estados Unidos. University of San Francisco; Estados Unido

177Lu-Dendrimer conjugated to folate and bombesin with gold nanoparticles in the dendritic cavity: A potential theranostic radiopharmaceutical

177Lu-labeled nanoparticles conjugated to biomolecules have been proposed as a new class of theranostic radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of this research was to synthesize 177Lu-dendrimer(PAMAM-G4)-folate-bombesin with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the dendritic cavity and to evaluate the radiopharmaceutical potential for targeted radiotherapy and the simultaneous detection of folate receptors (FRs) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPRs) overexpressed in breast cancer cells. p-SCN-Benzyl-DOTA was conjugated in aqueous-basic medium to the dendrimer.The carboxylate groups of Lys1Lys3(DOTA)-bombesin and folic acid were activatedwithHATUand also conjugated to the dendrimer.The conjugate was mixed with 1%HAuCl4 followed by the addition of NaBH4 and purified by ultrafiltration. Elemental analysis (EDS), particle size distribution (DLS), TEM analysis, UV-Vis, and infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies were performed. The conjugate was radiolabeled using 177LuCl3 or 68GaCl3 and analyzed by radio-HPLC. Studies confirmed the dendrimer functionalization with high radiochemical purity (>95%). Fluorescence results demonstrated that the presence ofAuNPs in the dendritic cavity confers useful photophysical properties to the radiopharmaceutical for optical imaging. Preliminary binding studies in T47D breast cancer cells showed a specific cell uptake (41.15 ± 2.72%). 177Ludendrimer( AuNP)-folate-bombesin may be useful as an optical and nuclear imaging agent for breast tumors overexpressing GRPR and FRs, as well as for targeted radiotherapy.CONACYT-SEP-CB-2014-01-242443 International Atomic Energy Agency (Grant 18358) LaboratorioNacional de Investigaci´on yDesarrollo de Radiof´armacos, CONACy

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of an antiangiogenic cancerspecific dual-targeting 177Lu-Au-nanoradiopharmaceutical

The aim of this research was to synthesize and chemically characterize a cancer-specific 177Lu-Aunanoradiopharmaceutical based on gold nanoparticles (NPs), the nuclear localization sequence (NLS)-Arg-Gly- Asp peptide and an aptamer (HS-pentyl-pegaptanib) to target both the a(v)b(3) integrin and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpressed in the tumor neovasculature, as well as to evaluate by the tube formation assay, the nanosystem capability to inhibit angiogenesis. 177Lu-NP-RGD-NLS-Aptamer was obtained with a radiochemical purity of 99 ± 1%. Complete inhibition of tube formation (angiogenesis) was demonstrated when endothelial cells (EA.hy926), cultured in a 3D-extracellular matrix support, were treated with the developed nanosystem.Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT-SEP-CB-2014-01-242443)

Behavioral and Cytological Differences between Two Parkinson’s Disease Experimental Models

The knowledge about the biochemical and behavioral changes in humans with PD has allowed proposing animal models for its study; however, the results obtained so far have been heterogeneous. Recently, we established a novel PD model in rodents by manganese chloride (MnCl2) and manganese acetate (Mn (OAc)3) mixture inhalation. After inhaling, the rodents presented bilateral loss of SNc dopaminergic neurons. Later, we conclude that the alterations are of dopamine origin since L-DOPA reverted the alterations. After six months, SNc significantly reduced the number of cells, and striatal dopamine content decreased by 71%. The animals had postural instability, action tremor, and akinesia; these symptoms improved with L-DOPA, providing evidence that Mn mixture inhalation induces comparable alterations that those in PD patients. Thus, this study aimed to compare the alterations in two different PD experimental models: 6-OHDA unilateral lesion and Mn mixture inhalation through open field test, rotarod performance and the number of SNc dopaminergic neurons. The results show that the Mn-exposed animals have motor alterations and bilateral and progressive SNc neurons degeneration; in contrast, in the 6-OHDA model, the neuronal loss is unilateral and acute, demonstrating that the Mn exposure model better recreates the characteristics observed in PD patients

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected