Progress on Coastal Ecosystems: Corals and Mangroves Recovery 12 Years Later after March 2005 Earthquake in North Nias, North Sumatera.

Twelve years ago 9.3 Mw earthquake in the Andaman Islands, on December 26, 2004 accompanied by the tsunami in Aceh led to extraordinary losses, unprecedented for human life in coastal areas of Indonesia and neighboring countries. A few months later, on March 28, 2005  an earthquake 8.7 Mw has occured around Nias, hundreds of hectares of coral reef ecosystems lifted into the terrestrial, many corals die of drought and collapse due to earthquake vibration. Similarly, most of the mangrove moved away from the coastline due to land lifting. The purpose of this study is to determine the development of coastal ecosystems, especially coral reefs have been damaged by the earthquake and mangrove due to changes in the environment. The method used in this study is remote sensing technique through the data acquired from landsat imageries, measurements of coastal profile, coral reef health monitoring data collected in each year at six permanent stations. The field research conducted in August 2005, December 2014 and December 2015, the last two activities are under research collaboration between the Marine Agency of North Nias Regency and Research Center for Oceanography LIPI. The results showed in the period 2007-2010 live coral coverage is likely to increase in the range between 2.23% to 48%. Instead since 2014 showed a significant decrease in almost all stations. Twice earthquakes with 33the magnitude 8.2 Mw and  8.6 Mw occurred almost simultaneously on April 11, 2012 at 400 km southwest of Aceh is thought to play a role in tear down the developing corals. Similarly, the existence of mangrove that has moved away from the coastline due to the land lifting in 2005, species of  Rhyzophora desiccated  and died slowly but other species such as Aegiceras, Dolichandrone, Xylocarpus and Cheriops  appear stayed on  the dry land condition and seemed to be growing normall

PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN, CUSTOMER PERCEIVED VALUE, DAN BRAND EXPERIENCE TERHADAP LOYALITAS DENGAN KEPUASAN PELANGGAN SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (Studi Pada Pelanggan Lion Air di Pulau Jawa)

Customer Loyalty is an asset that must be maintained by the company. If a customer has a high degree of loyalty, then the costumer is more likely to use the service of the company again in the future. Lion Air is one of the largest airlines in Indonesia. However, Lion Air faced many problems such as the lack of punctuality and unsatisfactory of service. This study purpose is to analyze the impact of Service Quality, Customer Perceived Value, and Brand Experience on Loyalty with Customer Satisfaction as intervening. Data collection technique used in this study is non-probability sampling technique using purposive sampling with criteria Lion Air customer in Java Island who have used Lion Air service for at least twice in the past year. The number of sample collected were 168 respondents. To analyze the impact of independent variable on intervening variable and intervening variable to dependent variable, multi linear regression analysis was used. The result of this study showed that Service Quality have positive impact on Customer satisfaction (first hypothesis supported). Second hypothesis which state that Customer Perceived Value have positive impact on Customer Satisfaction is accepted as well. The third hypothesis which state that Brand Experience have positive impact on Customer Satisfaction is accepted. The coefficient of determination test result stated that all three variables have an impact of 88,9% on intervening variable. The fourth hypothesis which state that intervening variable Customer Satisfaction have positive impact on dependent variable Loyalty is accepted. The coefficient determination test result stated that intervening variable have an impact of 85,4% on dependent variable. Lion Airlines are recommended to develop their service, appearance, promotion, and punctuality

A Maluku Sea intermediate western boundary current connecting Pacific Ocean circulation to the Indonesian Throughflow

© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Yuan, D., Yin, X., Li, X., Corvianawatie, C., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Hu, X., Wang, J., Tan, S., Surinati, D., Purwandana, A., Wardana, A., Ismail, M., Budiman, A., Bayhaqi, A., Avianto, P., Santoso, P., Kusmanto, E., Dirhamsyah, Arifin, Z., & Pratt, L. A Maluku Sea intermediate western boundary current connecting Pacific Ocean circulation to the Indonesian Throughflow. Nature Communications, 13(1), (2022): 2093, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29617-6.The Indonesian Throughflow plays an important role in the global ocean circulation and climate. Existing studies of the Indonesian Throughflow have focused on the Makassar Strait and the exit straits, where the upper thermocline currents carry North Pacific waters to the Indian Ocean. Here we show, using mooring observations, that a previous unknown intermediate western boundary current (with the core at ~1000 m depth) exists in the Maluku Sea, which transports intermediate waters (primarily the Antarctic Intermediate Water) from the Pacific into the Seram-Banda Seas through the Lifamatola Passage above the bottom overflow. Our results suggest the importance of the western boundary current in global ocean intermediate circulation and overturn. We anticipate that our study is the beginning of more extensive investigations of the intermediate circulation of the Indo-Pacific ocean in global overturn, which shall improve our understanding of ocean heat and CO2 storages significantly.This study is supported by NSFC (D.Y., Z.W., Y.L., Y.Y., S.T., J.W., and X.L.: 41720104008; D.Y., J.W., Y.L., X.L., Y.Y., S.T., X.H., and X.Y.: 91858204), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (D.Y. and X.L.: 2020YFA0608800), CAS (D.Y., Z.W., J.W., and Y.L.: XDB42000000), projects. Affiliations 1 and 2 share the first position. D.Y. is supported by QMSNL (2018SDKJ0104-02), and Shandong Provincial (U1606402) and the “Kunpeng Outstanding Scholar Program” of the FIO/NMR of China, J.W. supported by NSFC (41776011), Z.W. by NSFC (41876025)

ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN STEGANOGRAFI PADA FILE JPEG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA F5

ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN STEGANOGRAFI PADA FILE JPEG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA F

AMMI Automatic Mangrove Map and Index: Novelty for Efficiently Monitoring Mangrove Changes with the Case Study in Musi Delta, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Mapping mangroves using satellite imagery has been done for decades. It helps reduce obstacles in inaccessible places caused by the mangroves’ intricate root system, thick mud, and loss of position signals. There is an urgent need to produce a mangrove map that automatically and accurately covers the mangroves with the density index of the canopy as visually represented in satellite imagery. The research was conducted through an analytical desk study of the mangrove features from space. The study aims to develop a simple formula for automatically tracing, capturing, and mapping mangroves and determining the canopy density index from open access of satellite data to eliminate manual digitization work, make it easy to use, and save cost and time. The goal is to monitor, assess, and manage the condition of mangroves for anyone interested in mangroves, including the central government, local authorities, and local communities. As a result, the authors proposed an algorithm: (ρNIR − ρRed)/(ρRed + ρSWIR1) ∗ (ρNIR − ρSWIR1)/(ρSWIR1 − 0.65 ∗ ρRed). Experimental results in many mangrove forests using Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM, Landsat 8 OLI, and Sentinel 2 imageries show satisfactory performance. The maps capture the spatial extent of the mangroves automatically and match the satellite imagery visually. The index correlates significantly with the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), with R2 reaching 0.99. The research will apply the formula of the Musi Delta mangrove complex in South Sumatra, Indonesia. The advantage of the algorithm is that it works well, is easy to use, produces mangrove maps faster, informs the index, and efficiently monitors the change in mangrove conditions from time to time

The discovery of a conjugate system of faults in the Wharton Basin intraplate deformation zone

International audienceThe deformation at well-defined, narrow plate boundaries depends on the relative plate motion, but how the deformation takes place within a distributed plate boundary zone remains a conundrum. This was confirmed by the seismological analyses of the 2012 great Wharton Basin earthquakes [moment magnitude (M w) 8.6], which suggested the rupture of several faults at high angles to one another. Using high-resolution bathymetry and seismic reflection data, we report the discovery of new N294°E-striking shear zones, oblique to the plate fabric. These shear zones are expressed by sets of normal faults striking at N335°E, defining the direction of the principal compressional stress in the region. Also, we have imaged left-lateral strike-slip faults along reactivated N7°E-oriented oceanic fracture zones. The shear zones and the reactivated fracture zones form a conjugate system of faults, which accommodate present-day intraplate deformation in the Wharton Basin

Evidence of pervasive trans-tensional deformation in the northwestern Wharton Basin in the 2012 earthquakes rupture area

International audienceThe Wharton Basin in the Indian Ocean is one of the most extensively deforming ocean basins, as confirmed by the occurrence of several very large earthquakes starting from January 12, 2012 with Mw 7.2 followed by the great earthquakes of April 11, 2012 with Mw 8.6 and Mw 8.2. Although the Mw 7.2 and Mw 8.2 earthquakes seem to have ruptured the re-activated N–S striking fracture zones, the largest event (Mw 8.6) required the rupturing of several faults, oblique to each other, in a very complex manner. In order to understand the nature of deformation in these earthquakes rupture zones, we recently acquired 90 000 km2 of bathymetry, 11 400 km of sub-bottom profiling, gravity and magnetic data covering the rupture areas of the 2012 earthquakes east of the Ninety-East Ridge, in the northwestern Wharton Basin. These new data reveal six N8°E striking re-activated fracture zones (F5b, F6a, f6b, F7a, F7b and F8), where the fracture zone F6a can be followed for over 400 km and seems to be most active. The epicenters of the Mw 8.6 and Mw 8.2 earthquakes lie on the fracture zones F6a and F7b, respectively. The newly observed fracture F5b in the east is short, and has an extensional basin at its southern tip. The fracture zone F8 defines the eastern boundary of the Ninety-East Ridge. The presence of en echelon faults and pull-apart basins indicate left-lateral motion along these fracture zones. In between these fracture zones, we observe pervasive 290° striking right-lateral shear zones at 4–8 km intervals; one of which has cut through a seamount that might have ruptured during the Mw 8.6 earthquake. We also observe another N20°E striking left-lateral shear zones in the vicinity of F7b and F8, which is coincident with the strike of one of the nodal planes of the Mw 8.6 focal mechanism. These N20°E striking shear zones are interpreted as R Riedel shears and the N290°E striking shear zones as R′ Riedel shears. These shear zones are formed by a series of N335°E striking en echelon normal faults. Our data also show the presence of N65°E striking thrust faults east of the Ninety-East Ridge, orthogonal to the regional principal direction of compression. Furthermore, extensive bending-related faulting is also observed close to the Sumatra trench with normal faults also striking at N335°E, similar to the normal faults that form the shear zones. Normal faults with a similar orientation are also present at the southern tip of F5b. We explain all these observations with a single coherent model of deformation in the Wharton Basin, where a dominant part of the regional NW–SE compressional stress is accommodated along the N8°E re-activated fracture zones, and the rest is distributed along shear zones, thrust and normal faults between these fracture zones. The thrust and normal faults are orthogonal to each other and define the direction of principal compressive and extensive stresses in the region whereas the two shear zone systems form a conjugate pair