13 research outputs found
The Role of For-Profit Actors in Implementing Targeted Sanctions:The Case of the European Union
The evolution of sanctions from comprehensive to targeted has favored the inclusion of for-profit actors in the policy process. Sanctions are used to deal with security challenges and while the role of for-profit actors in the provision of public goods has been investigated, less has been said about their role in the provision of security. This chapter investigates the role of for-profit actors in the implementation of sanctions. More specifically, this chapter suggests a typology of regulatory environments that facilitates explaining and understanding the behavior of for-profit actors in implementing targeted sanctions. By looking at the quality of instructions provided by state authorities and their capacity to monitor the implementation of such decisions, the chapter argues that overcompliance, uneven and lack of compliance are more likely in certain regulatory environments rather than in others. The theoretical framework is tested on the case study of the restrictive measures of the EU. The data for this research was collected through semi-opened interviews and focus groups held in Brussels from 2013 to 2015
Private Financing of the Military: A Local Political Economy Approach
The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12116-012-9119-2In developing countries that are democratizing after military rule, and
undergoing liberalizing economic reforms that encourage a shrinking of the state,
what missions are the armed forces performing, who funds those missions, who
benefits from military services, and why? This article analyzes security provision
by the armed forces for paying clients—especially private companies in extractive
industries—in accordance with negotiations between clients and commanders of the
local military units that directly provide the security. The analysis identifies two paths
toward local military–client relations. First, weak state capacity may mean that
government control of military finances brought by democratization and economic
reform remains limited to the national level, promoting local military–client
exchanges. Second, amid minimal government control of military finances, even in
the capital city, demand from companies in the powerful extractive industries and
from recently endowed subnational governments can encourage local military–client
contracting
Agency in earth system governance: refining a research agenda
Agency, Earth system governance, Social entrepreneurs, Clean Development Mechanism, Global environmental consultancies,