6G Underlayer Network Concepts for Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communication in Manufacturing

Underlayer networks in the context of 6G for manufacturing are crucial. They address the evolving needs of highly interconnected and autonomous systems in industry. The digitalization of manufacturing processes, driven by the Internet of Things and increased data availability, enables more efficient and demand-driven production. However, wireless connectivity, which offers flexibility and easy integration of components, comes with challenges such as signal interference or high latency. A new management system is needed to coordinate and route traffic of multiple networks in a specific coverage area. This paper proposes underlayer networks designed for manufacturing, providing low latency, reliability, and security. These networks enable wireless connectivity and integration of wireless technologies into the manufacturing environment, enhancing flexibility and efficiency. The paper also discusses network slicing, spectrum sharing, and the limitations of current wireless networks in manufacturing. It introduces a network concept for underlayer networks and evaluates its application in closed-loop communication for machine tools. The study concludes with future research prospects in this area

Tips to Advance Business Writing Skills at EFL Classes (Through the Example of "Letter of Complaint")

Writing is a creative communicative skill to express thoughts. It is cognitively complex, requires much practice and is best learned through experience. Writing is one of the most challenging, time-consuming tasks in acquiring a foreign language. To improve students’ writing skills and accuracy, a teacher should encourage writing-thinking, provide instructions and examples of good writing in the target language, and give feedback focusing both on error correction (cohesion) and organization of writing (clarity, idea development, coherence). This paper explores difficulties of the development of business writing skills and gives recommendations on writing a letter of complaint at English as a foreign language classes

Virtual Learning Factory on VR-Supported Factory Planning

Part 13: Virtual Reality and SimulationInternational audienceLearning Factories are becoming popular as tangible measures to teach engineering methods while making use of them in an industrial-like environment. Their core component is usually a factory demonstrator, users are physically working with. For factory planning such approaches can hardly be adapted, due to long lasting realization phases.To overcome this obstacle a virtual learning factory has been developed whose core component is not a real factory but a digital factory model. Based on an exemplary product and production model participants learn how to use factory planning methods for a clearly defined use-case. They apply software tools coming from the digital factory and learn how to use VR-systems for validation purposes. The comprehensive digital planning facilitates the collaboration between multiple planning participants. Further extension of the approach towards distance collaboration and use-cases covering the whole product engineering process are proposed

Design and numerical simulation of an air turbine for a high frequency tool spindle

The increasing demand for micro structures and micro parts requires micro tools and precision machines. Furthermore, tool spindles with a very high rotational speed and low run out error are needed to get feasible cutting conditions while machining micro structures and micro parts. The research described in this paper investigates a parameter performance study on an air turbine for a high frequency air bearing spindle, taking into account the inlet nozzle diameter, the air turbine diameter and the gap size between air turbine and housing. The study was performed by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of the air turbine. The influence of each parameter was analysed and compared to each other. This resulted in a parameter combination that provides the highest power output for the tool spindle